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Updated in a new 10 th edition, Media of Mass Communication balances the principles and foundations of media literacy with lively examples, streamlined coverage, and a robust media package. It helps students see why the media are in such a tumultuous transition and provides tools for understanding the reshaping of the entire media industry. This Study Edition offers perforated chapter quizzes, chapter practice tests, and separate media literacy exercises at the end of the textbook that can be used as a study tool for students or as assigned homework.
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Pearson; 10 edition February 18, Language: Related Video Shorts 0 Upload your video. Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. I needed this book for a journalism class at a local community college. The text is clearly written, with plenty of graphics. Similar to the internet, mobile is also an interactive media , but has far wider reach, with 3. Like email on the internet, the top application on mobile is also a personal messaging service, but SMS text messaging is used by over 2.
Practically all internet services and applications exist or have similar cousins on mobile, from search to multiplayer games to virtual worlds to blogs. Mobile has several unique benefits which many mobile media pundits claim make mobile a more powerful media than either TV or the internet, starting with mobile being permanently carried and always connected.
Mobile has the best audience accuracy and is the only mass media with a built-in payment channel available to every user without any credit cards or PayPal accounts or even an age limit. A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising or purchase by readers. Magazines are typically published weekly , biweekly , monthly , bimonthly or quarterly , with a date on the cover that is in advance of the date it is actually published.
They are often printed in color on coated paper , and are bound with a soft cover. Magazines fall into two broad categories: In practice, magazines are a subset of periodicals , distinct from those periodicals produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers which are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation, and often have little or no advertising. A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly.
The most important function of newspapers is to inform the public of significant events. Recent developments on the Internet are posing major threats to its business model, however. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of a newspaper's income, is shifting from print to online; some commentators, nevertheless, point out that historically new media such as radio and television did not entirely supplant existing.
The internet has challenged the press as an alternative source of information and opinion but has also provided a new platform for newspaper organizations to reach new audiences. Many commercial advertisers use this form of mass media when advertising in sports stadiums. Tobacco and alcohol manufacturers used billboards and other outdoor media extensively.
However, in , the Master Settlement Agreement between the US and the tobacco industries prohibited the billboard advertising of cigarettes. In a Chicago-based study, Diana Hackbarth and her colleagues revealed how tobacco- and alcohol-based billboards were concentrated in poor neighbourhoods. In other urban centers, alcohol and tobacco billboards were much more concentrated in African-American neighborhoods than in white neighborhoods. Mass media encompasses much more than just news, although it is sometimes misunderstood in this way.
It can be used for various purposes:. Journalism is the discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying and presenting information regarding current events , trends , issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. News -oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" attributed to Phil Graham , because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines.
While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable to the standards of professional journalism.
Public relations is the art and science of managing communication between an organization and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive image. Publishing is the industry concerned with the production of literature or information — the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet , the scope of publishing has expanded to include websites , blogs , and the like.
As a business , publishing includes the development, marketing , production , and distribution of newspapers, magazines, books, literary works , musical works , software , other works dealing with information. Publication is also important as a legal concept ; 1 as the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy, and; 2 as the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation ; that is, the alleged libel must have been published.
A software publisher is a publishing company in the software industry between the developer and the distributor. In some companies, two or all three of these roles may be combined and indeed, may reside in a single person, especially in the case of shareware. Software publishers often license software from developers with specific limitations, such as a time limit or geographical region.
The terms of licensing vary enormously, and are typically secret. Developers may use publishers to reach larger or foreign markets, or to avoid focussing on marketing. Or publishers may use developers to create software to meet a market need that the publisher has identified. A YouTuber is anyone who has made their fame from creating and promoting videos on the public video-sharing site, YouTube.
Many YouTube celebrities have made a profession from their site through sponsorships, advertisements, product placement, and network support. The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience. Movable clay type was invented in in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about have not survived.
The term "mass media" was coined with the creation of print media, which is notable for being the first example of mass media, as we use the term today. This form of media started in Europe in the Middle Ages. Johannes Gutenberg 's invention of the printing press allowed the mass production of books to sweep the nation. He printed the first book, a Latin Bible, on a printing press with movable type in The invention of the printing press gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible.
Newspapers developed from about , with the first example in English in ; [17] but they took until the 19th century to reach a mass-audience directly. The first high-circulation newspapers arose in London in the early s, such as The Times , and were made possible by the invention of high-speed rotary steam printing presses, and railroads which allowed large-scale distribution over wide geographical areas. The increase in circulation, however, led to a decline in feedback and interactivity from the readership, making newspapers a more one-way medium.
The phrase "the media" began to be used in the s. In recent times, the Internet become the latest and most popular mass medium. Information has become readily available through websites, and easily accessible through search engines. One can do many activities at the same time, such as playing games, listening to music, and social networking, irrespective of location. Whilst other forms of mass media are restricted in the type of information they can offer, the internet comprises a large percentage of the sum of human knowledge through such things as Google Books.
Modern day mass media includes the internet, mobile phones, blogs, podcasts and RSS feeds. During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology , including that which allowed much duplication of material. Physical duplication technologies such as printing , record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences.
Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time. Mass media had the economics of linear replication: An example of Riel and Neil's theory. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media.
In a democratic society, the media can serve the electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities see Media influence. Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be a threat to democracy. Between and about 76, deals have been announced in the Media industry. This sums up to an overall value of around 5, bil USD. Limited-effects theory , originally tested in the s and s, considers that because people usually choose what media to interact with based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence.
Class-dominant theory argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it. Culturalist theory , which was developed in the s and s, combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive. This theory states that audience members play an active, rather than passive role in relation to mass media.
Whilst historically, there was more diversity in companies, they have recently merged to form an elite which have the power to shape the opinion and beliefs of people. People buy after seeing thousands of advertisements by various companies in TV, newspapers or magazines, which are able to affect their purchasing decisions. The definition of what is acceptable by society is dictated by the media.
This power can be used for good, for example encouraging children to play sport. However, it can also be used for bad, for example children being influenced by cigars smoked by film stars, their exposure to sex images, their exposure to images of violence and their exposure to junk food ads. The documentary Super Size Me describes how companies like McDonald's have been sued in the past, the plaintiffs claiming that it was the fault of their liminal and subliminal advertising that "forced" them to purchase the product.
The Barbie and Ken dolls of the s are sometimes cited as the main cause for the obsession in modern-day society for women to be skinny and men to be buff. This shaped the public opinion to support the war on terrorism, and later, the war on Iraq. A main concern is that due to this immense power of the mass media being able to drive the public opinion , media receiving inaccurate information could cause the public opinion to support the wrong cause.
McAllister says that "a well-developed media system, informing and teaching its citizens, helps democracy move toward its ideal state. Viswanath identified 3 main effects or functions of mass media:. Since the s, when cinema, radio and TV began to be the primary or the only source of information for a larger and larger percentage of the population, these media began to be considered as central instruments of mass control.
Mass media play a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues, both through the information that is dispensed through them, and through the interpretations they place upon this information. That is, by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, they shape reality to be more in line with that interpretation. Mass media sources, through theories like framing and agenda-setting, can affect the scope of a story as particular facts and information are highlighted Media influence. This can directly correlate with how individuals may perceive certain groups of people, as the only media coverage a person receives can be very limited and may not reflect the whole story or situation; stories are often covered to reflect a particular perspective to target a specific demographic.
The media focus on African-American in the contexts of crime, drug use, gang violence, and other forms of anti-social behavior has resulted in a distorted and harmful public perception of African-Americans. African-Americans have been subjected to oppression and discrimination for the past few hundred years. This has resulted in an uncertainty among white Americans as to what the genuine nature of African-Americans really is. Despite the resulting racial divide , the fact that these people are undeniably American has "raised doubts about the white man's value system".
This means that there is a somewhat "troubling suspicion" among some Americans that their white America is tainted by the black influence. Lack of local or specific topical focus is a common criticism of mass media.
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A mass news media outlet is often forced to cover national and international news due to it having to cater for and be relevant for a wide demographic. As such, it has to skip over many interesting or important local stories because they simply do not interest the large majority of their viewers.
An example given by the website WiseGeek is that "the residents of a community might view their fight against development as critical, but the story would only attract the attention of the mass media if the fight became controversial or if precedents of some form were set". The term "mass" suggests that the recipients of media products constitute a vast sea of passive, undifferentiated individuals.
This is an image associated with some earlier critiques of "mass culture" and mass society which generally assumed that the development of mass communication has had a largely negative impact on modern social life, creating a kind of bland and homogeneous culture which entertains individuals without challenging them. Whilst some [ who? By understanding mass media, one is then able to analyse and find a deeper understanding of one's population and culture.
This valuable and powerful ability is one reason why the field of media studies is popular. As WiseGeek says, "watching, reading, and interacting with a nation's mass media can provide clues into how people think, especially if a diverse assortment of mass media sources are perused". Since the s, in the countries that have reached a high level of industrialization , the mass media of cinema, radio and TV have a key role in political power.
Contemporary research demonstrates an increasing level of concentration of media ownership , with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. When the study of mass media began the media was compiled of only mass media which is a very different media system than the social media empire of the 21st-century experiences.
This original form of mass media put filters on what the general public would be exposed to in regards to "news" something that is harder to do in a society of social media. Theorist Lance Bennett explains that excluding a few major events in recent history, it is uncommon for a group big enough to be labeled a mass, to be watching the same news via the same medium of mass production.
As discussed above, filters would have been applied to original mass medias when the journalists decided what would or wouldn't be printed. Social Media is a large contributor to the change from mass media to a new paradigm because through social media what is mass communication and what is interpersonal communication is confused. In contrast, mass media in its original form is not restricted by genre and it is being consumed by the masses.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia: Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use. Not long ago, if you wanted to seize political power in a country, you had merely to control the army and the police.
Today it is only in the most backward countries that fascist generals, in carrying out a coup d'etat, still use tanks. If a country has reached a high level of industrialization the whole scene changes. The day after the fall of Khrushchev, the editors of Pravda, Izvestiia, the heads of the radio and television were replaced; the army wasn't called out. Today a country belongs to the person who controls communications.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the video game company, see Mass Media Inc. For the publisher specializing in scholarly works about popular culture, see University of Wisconsin Press. Radio broadcasting and Television. This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. February Learn how and when to remove this template message.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. March Learn how and when to remove this template message. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Media history Commercial broadcasting Concentration of media ownership Corporate media Digital rights management Interpersonal communication Journalism History of journalism Media bias Media echo chamber Media regulation Media-system dependency Mediatization media Newspapers History of Newspapers Propaganda Public relations State media.
Retrieved November 28, Retrieved November 26, Arguing for a general framework for mass media scholarship. The Media and Modernity. Archived from the original on 12 March A New Introduction to Mass Communication. New York, New York: