Tips on citation download. A pattern-oriented approach to studying individual development: A personoriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology.
Development and Psychopathology, 9, - Pattern discovery and detection: A unified statistical methodology. Journal of Applied Statistics, 31 8 , - The individual as the organizing principle in psychological inquiry: Introduction to Configural Frequency Analysis: The search for types and antitypes in cross-classification. Google Scholar , Crossref.
Version program for 32 bit operating systems. Methods of Psychological Research: Online, 6, - Antitypes are interpreted as patterns of variable values that do in general not occur together.
We explain the basic idea of CFA by a simple example. Assume that we have a data set that describes for each of n patients if they show certain symptoms s 1 , We assume for simplicity that a symptom is shown or not, i.
Principles of Practical Psychology: Applied and or person-oriented researchers, statisticians, and advanced students interested in CFA and categorical and longitudinal data will find this book to be a valuable resource. Science, , - Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis. This page was last edited on 13 November , at Now f c and e c can be compared by a statistical test typical tests applied in CFA are Pearson's chi-squared test , the binomial test or the hypergeometric test of Lehmacher. Would you like us to take another look at this review?
Each record in the data set is thus an m -tuple x 1 , Each such m -tuple is called a configuration. Let C be the set of all possible configurations, i.
The data set can thus be described by listing the observed frequencies f c of all possible configurations in C. The basic idea of CFA is to estimate the frequency of each configuration under the assumption that the m symptoms are statistically independent.
Let e c be this estimated frequency under the assumption of independence. Let p i 1 be the probability that a member of the investigated population shows symptom s i and p i 0 be the probability that a member of the investigated population does not show symptom s i. Now f c and e c can be compared by a statistical test typical tests applied in CFA are Pearson's chi-squared test , the binomial test or the hypergeometric test of Lehmacher.
If there is no significant difference between f c and e c , then c is neither a type nor an antitype.
Thus, each configuration c can have in principle three different states. It can be a type, an antitype, or not classified.
Types and antitypes are defined symmetrically. But in practical applications researchers are mainly interested to detect types.
For example, clinical studies are typically interested to detect symptom combinations that are indicators for a disease. These are by definition symptom combinations which occur more often than expected by chance, i. Since in CFA a significance test is applied in parallel for each configuration c there is a high risk to commit a type I error i.