Joshua, Act 1, No. 8b To give command

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Both the staff BDB , cf. The first three of these describe the slaughter of their men of war; number 4 describes the death of the rest of the inhabitants of Ai. The king was killed by impaling. As Israel raised a memorial heap of stones over Achan, so too, the king of Ai. Half of them stood in front of Mount Gerizim and half of them in front of Mount Ebal, just as Moses the servant of the Lord had given command at first to bless the people of Israel.

This was the site of the covenant renewal ceremony dictated by Moses.

The Levitical singers climbed each hill and chanted the cursings and blessings antiphonally cf. Mounts Ebal and Gerizim became known as the mountains of cursing and blessing. One wonders how Joshua could move so fast through enemy territory. The events of Jos. These kinds of historical questions cannot be answered. These ancient Hebrew texts do not conform to modern histography. Chronology is secondary to theology! I surely affirm the historicity and inspiration of the OT without fully comprehending how it is structured.

Stones were covered with plaster and written on cf. The book of Deuteronomy is very conscious of these believing aliens within Israel. Why is chapter 8 so confusing, with two different ambushes cf. How are verses related to the book of Deuteronomy and what is the significance of these verses?

The phrase "all the kings" seems to imply that the majority of the Canaanites were organized into city states, much like ancient Greece. However, the fact that Gibeon is identified with several other cities cf. Numbers 2 and 3 are often seen as one. It is sometimes used as a collective term for all of the tribes of Canaan cf. It is also used to denote the collective tribes of Canaan. The geographical name for the Promised Land was "Canaan," derived from this collective use. Sometimes these native tribal listings of Canaan have one, three, seven, or ten groups.

We see another list of these tribes in Jos. Because these city states had heard what Joshua had done to the Amorite kings of the eastern side of Jordan they decided to attempt a coalition, at least in the south, to thwart Israel's invasion. The phrase translated "with one accord" is literally, "with one mouth. We learn from verse 17 that it was apparently in a league of cities.

It later became a Levitical city cf. It was very significant because it was on the major road between Joppa and the Mediterranean. It later became a temporary home for the Ark of the Covenant cf. This adjective BDB is used in Jos. The verb BDB is used of the miraculous garments that did not wear out during the wilderness wandering period in Deut. The phrase "set out as envoys" appears only here in the OT Masoretic Text. However, the Septuagint, the Peshitta, and the Vulgate cf. This translation variation may be due to similar Hebrew roots.

They were usually woven from animal hair. The adjective "worn out" BDB is used three times. We still say the "neck" of a bottle. When wineskins are new, they are relatively elastic and can accommodate the expansion of fermenting wine. When the skins are old, they cannot expand and they will break. These wineskins were made to look like they had been in use for a long time possibly patched. Its verbal form meant "spotted" or "variegated.

In the ancient world people baked bread every day and it was edible for several days. This same threefold type of polity structure can be seen in the New Testament: We are not sure of their exact relationship to the Hurrians, but it is obvious that they are a non-Semitic group living within the Promised Land. This term "fame" BDB , cf. It is interesting that in Jos. If they had, Joshua would have known that they lived closer than they claimed. Fertility Worship at Jdgs. The implication is that we are not sure which men took these provisions.

Some say it was the Gibeonites, who showed the Israelites their provisions to prove their point. Others say it was the men of Israel who took these provisions. Possibly, the reason that Israel took these provisions was 1 to eat the bread, which would have signified a covenant e. It is interesting that they based their decision on physical evidence without asking the Lord usually by Urim and Thummim, cf.

Notice that Joshua's covenant had to be ratified by the leaders of the congregation. Now their cities were Gibeon and Chephirah and Beeroth and Kiriath-jearim. And the whole congregation grumbled against the leaders. Here, however, they are afraid of the consequences of breaking YHWH's covenant cf. It does become obvious that they will become the lowest servants of the community. Some have related this account to Noah's cursing of Canaan cf. It is also interesting that this same group may have become the " Nethinim " Ezra 2: One way to try to minimize the influence of these Canaanites was to put them in the service of the tabernacle where they would be exposed to the worship of YHWH.

These tasks were usually assigned to women e. The Gibeonites are throwing themselves on. This later came to be Jerusalem cf. Locate these geographical sites on a map and note the direction of Joshua's campaign. Why was a treaty, made with these Canaanites on false grounds, still honored by the Hebrew nation? This is the first use of the term "Jerusalem" in the Bible. The Septuagint has " Adoni-bezek " a place name.

The city was originally called "Salem" cf. Later, it is called Jebus cf. It was given to Benjamin but it is right on the border with Judah. The lower city was captured in Joshua's day but the upper city fortress was not captured until David's day cf. We learn from the archaeological discovery of the Amarna tablets, around b.

This meant that a city i. We see this same kind of situation at the battle of Jericho Joshua 6. Eglon" These sites are all located in the southern hill country of Judah and Benjamin. They were all of Amorite descent. We also learn from the Amarna tablets that all of them appear in this ancient document except for the city of Hebron which was also called "Kiriath-arba" cf.

This, again, shows the historicity of this account. Verse 6 contains several imperatives in the message the Gibeonites sent to Joshua. NASB "he and all the people of war with him and all the valiant warriors" NKJV "he and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor" NRSV "he and all the fighting force with him, all the mighty warriors" TEV "Joshua and his whole army, including the best troops" NJB "he, all the fighting men and all the bravest of his army".

Are there two groups of fighting men or two designations of one large group? The second phrase is used several times in Joshua cf. From the usage in Jos. It is a recurrent message of God to His people. Although God assured them of the victory, they still had to prepare for the battle and form a strategy to defeat the Canaanites.

It is this tension between God's sovereignty and man's free will that is found so often in the Bible. Israel felt bound to Gibeon by covenant oath. It was the first campsite of the Jews as they crossed the Jordan River. See fuller note at Jos. Apparently the five kings of these large city states in southern Canaan had attacked Gibeon because they had made peace with the Israelites. All of the verbs in Jos. Azekah and Makkedah" These geographical sites are uncertain. We are not sure whether the first is to the east or to the west of Gibeon. The last two are to the south.

In reality more of the enemy died from the hailstones cf. This shows the tension between Jos. Is it not written in the book of Jashar? And the sun stopped in the middle of the sky and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day. As He controlled the hailstones, He can 1 slow down or stop the rotation of the earth cf. It is uncertain whether this is merely a poetic account cf. For those who believe in a supernatural God exactly what happened is not as important as knowing that God is sovereign over time, history, and nature. These astral gods must now help the Israelites conquer the Canaanites.

This book was an ancient Israeli collection of war poems. It is also mentioned in 2 Sam. This book has been lost except for the biblical quotes. It may be part of the poem from the book of Jashar. YHWH responded to Joshua's prayer request. This verse seems out of place. Surely Joshua did not return to Gilgal until after the military events described in Jos. The NASB, edition, makes it part of the paragraph which includes poetry from the book of Jashar i. Do not allow them to enter their cities, for the Lord your God has delivered them into your hand.

No one uttered a word against any of the sons of Israel. This refers to the rear guard cf. Israel was to aggressively attack and continue to attack until all were dead—no mercy, holy war!

Possibly, the campsite mentioned in Jos. Be strong and courageous, for thus the Lord will do to all your enemies with whom you fight. Notice the repetitive form of Hebrew narrative two Qal imperatives ; two Qal imperfects. This is an idiom of the complete defeat and subservience cf. There are several verbal metaphors used which may be derived from actual events. Be strong and courageous" Again this verse contains several commands from Joshua.

YHWH is symbolically speaking through him. This is the exact same message that God gave to Joshua. Faith is crucial cf. To be unburied was worse than being dead. We can see how Joshua used this as a sign to ridicule this united Canaanite opposition to the Israeli advance. He left no survivor. Thus he did to the king of Makkedah just as he had done to the king of Jericho.

Libnah would be also cf. He left no survivor" The holy war herem , cf. He left no survivor in it. Thus he did to its king just as he had done to the king of Jericho. He left no survivor, according to all that he had done to Eglon. And he utterly destroyed it and every person who was in it. There are several different traditions about its capture. This is one of many examples of the confusion which modern interpreters face in trying to sort out the historical aspects of this period.

It is helpful to remember that the OT is a combination of history and theology. It is not modern, western, chronological, cause and effect, recording of events! We may not know the exact details of the military encounters but the covenant theology is consistent! Just as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir and its king, as he had also done to Libnah and its king.

He left no survivor, but he utterly destroyed all who breathed, just as the Lord , the God of Israel, had commanded. Notice the continued use of the term "utterly destroy all who breathe. It may have been the royal title of the kings of Hazor, because another king by the same name is in control of Hazor in Jdgs.

It covered over acres.

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Apparently the Israelis did not occupy this site because in Judges 4 it is a powerful Canaanite stronghold again. The verb root BDB means "to cut," possibly the cutting of herbs for spells or trances. The exact location of Achshaph, and for that matter Shimron, are uncertain. It is referred to in the Septuagint as "wasteland. It is also spelled Chinnereth cf.

The NT term Gennesaret cf. The name means "harp" BDB , which refers to 1 the shape of the lake or 2 the presence of many shepherds who played the harp. In this text it refers to the northern region of this topography i. This refers to the coastal mountain ridge of which Mt. Carmel is the last rise before the Great or Upper Sea Mediterranean.

The first term is uncertain. This was a very common name and its location is uncertain, possibly related to Jos. It was used in Genesis cf. Joshua was not to rely on their captured weaponry "burn the chariots with fire," BDB , KB , Qal imperfect , cf. Their origin and exact design are uncertain Hyksos or Hittites. The different chariots could hold. Sidon was the contemporary capital of Phoenicia, but later it was Tyre. Chariots were the ultimate military weapon of that day. Number 1 fits the context of Joshua best. And he burned Hazor with fire. They left no one who breathed.

Moses is first called by this title in Exod. It is reaffirmed in Deut. They act on instructions from Him cf. Verse 13 is an eyewitness, historical detail. Each successive rebuilding used the same site; thus, a mound was formed or at least heightened. And he captured all their kings and struck them down and put them to death. In reality all of chapter 12 is also a summary of Joshua's victories. It was uninhabited except for shepherds and flocks. It seems to be between the wilderness of Zin and Seir.

It was part of the boundary between Judah's allotment and the nation of Edom cf. Every town had its own worship altar. Many of the towns of Canaan had the male god Ba'al or the female Asherah or Ashtarte in their names cf. The term "gad" BDB apparently meant "good fortune" cf.

Verse 17 reveals the northern limits of Joshua's conquest. This has nothing to do with the issue of "free will. This is similar to God's actions with Pharaoh cf. Verse 20 has a series of infinitive constructs showing YHWH's purposeful actions. Joshua utterly destroyed them with their cities.

Thus the land had rest from war. There seem to be three names used in the OT to describe these very tall people: Anak means "long necked" BDB There were two parts to an effective conquest of Canaan. Joshua defeated the main military forces of the Canaanites and captured or destroyed the major walled cities. The later problems developed because 1 Israel did not kill all of the Canaanites and they reasserted themselves and recaptured some of their old fortresses or 2 the individual tribes never fully finished the task of conquest.

There are hints of this failure in Joshua 13 and Judges 1. It also describes the temporary peace brought by the different judges cf. It is not used in Deuteronomy. YHWH desired His covenant people after the conquest and occupation of Canaan to be in a restful, happy, fulfilled, covenant state of obedience and abundant peace cf. Deuteronomy ; 1 Chr.

Notice the warriors aged from each tribe the term "1," could mean military unit; see Special Topic at Jos. The divisions of the land amount given do not reflect these numbers. Judah and Joseph Ephraim and Manasseh are given the largest allotments. Apparently by Joshua's time these numbers had changed or this is another rationale to the allotment procedures.

There are several accounts of the same events of conquest in Joshua. A list of the cities and their kings helps to put them all together. The kings and cities mentioned in chapter 12 are not mentioned earlier. Verse 24 has, "thirty-one kings. It runs into the Dead Sea, approximately in the middle. It was the border between Moab and the Amorites and later the southern boundary of Reuben cf.

The Hebrew text is uncertain at this point i.

Jewish Study Bible, p. It was the site of Jacob's encounter with the angel cf. It was the boundary between the allotments of Manasseh and Gad cf. They might be two peaks close together, or Pisgah may refer to the entire mountain range and Nebo the highest peak.

This is the mountain where Moses was allowed to see the Promised Land. He is buried somewhere on its heights cf. The Septuagint has "in Galilee. This begins the second half of the book of Joshua. Chapters are basically the conquest of the Promised Land and chapters are the division of Canaan among the tribes of Israel. The best way to study this section is to have a map close at hand. Archaeology is somewhat uncertain as to the exact locations of many of the cities and other sites mentioned in the Bible. The exact boundaries are uncertain, but the general area is relatively accurate.

In this type of passage books on geography become extremely significant. The meanings of the Semitic names mentioned in these chapters are only possibilities. The exact etymology is often uncertain. The type of geographical boundaries i. Shisbah of Egypt invaded Palestine about b. Verses refer to the unconquered area in the trans-Jordan area eastern bank. We assume that Joshua was about the same age. Many of them never fully did this, as is obvious from Jos. The same root forms the name Gilgal cf. The Philistines were apparently Greeks from the Aegean Islands. They were the only group of people in this part of the world who were uncircumcized.

They were apparently a mercenary force who tried to attack Egypt in the twelfth century b. They then settled on the southern coast of Palestine. They had five major cities which are delineated in Jos. Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gad, and Ekron.

They were a major military problem throughout the period of the judges and even throughout the reign of Saul and David. The name "Palestine" comes from the word "Philistine. This same group appears in Jos. We learn from 1 Sam. This term is used of the Nile River in Isa. Most commentators say that this refers to a wadi called the River of Egypt. It is known today as the wadi El Arish. It is to the south of the city of Gaza. Some commentators believe they were the original inhabitants of this entire southern coastal area until the invasion of the Philistines.

It is located just to the north of the city of Sidon, which is in the land of the Phoenicians. We get the English terms "book" and "bible" from this city. The term " Ba'al " is a Hebrew word which means "master," "owner," "lord," or "husband. Albright, published by Anchor Books. Hamath was a kingdom cf. From the same root come the angels called seraphim i. The fact that only Sidon is mentioned and not Tyre cf.

Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament , p. One can almost see the excitement when this firstborn son was presented to his father, Jacob, by Leah. We are not exactly sure of the relationship between Ba'al and Ashtaroth because in Canaanite documents they are brother and sister, not lovers. The terms "Anakim" and "Rephaim" both seem to refer to the giants. They take the place of the firstborn cf. The Levites did receive forty-eight cities spread throughout the Promised Land eastern and western, cf.

They were also allowed a plot of farm land just outside the walls of these cities to grow food for their families. Dibon and Bamoth-baal and Beth-baal-meon, 18 and Jahaz and Kedemoth and Mephaath, 19 and Kiriathaim and Sibmah and Zereth-shahar on the hill of the valley, 20 and Beth-peor and the slopes of Pisgah and Beth-jeshimoth, 21 even all the cities of the plain and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites who reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses struck with the chiefs of Midian, Evi and Rekem and Zur and Hur and Reba, the princes of Sihon, who lived in the land.

This was the inheritance of the sons of Reuben according to their families, the cities and their villages. It is best seen by looking at a map which delineates the tribal allocations. These two towns were named for the "high places of baal" BDB and , cf. Some typical texts are Num. It is based on the pagan world-view that there is information about the future hidden in natural events and that gifted humans i.

Rabbah - Ammon, Deut. Manasseh is the only tribe which inherited land on both sides of the Jordan River. Moses assigned the task of apportionment to Joshua and Eleazar in Num. The rabbis say that there were two jars: It was the casting of dice or choosing a black or white rock out of a pouch or something like this, but we are just uncertain.

Some try to relate it to the Urim and Thummin cf. Whatever the means, it was seen as God's giving of the land to the tribes. The land could not be sold permanently i. Joseph is given the double inheritance of the firstborn, thereby his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh each inherit.

Levi, though a full tribe, does not inherit land. Therefore, only twelve tribes inherit portions of the Promised Land. This is a flashback to an earlier time.

God's Encouragement To Joshua

This passage is paralleled in Jdgs. However, Caleb is described here as a Kenizzite cf. However, within the Pentateuch he is said to be within Judah cf. His exact relationship to Judah is uncertain, but he was a faithful, godly man and one of the two faithful spies cf. The word "Kadesh" comes from the Hebrew term "holy," while the term "barnea" is unknown.

It is an honorific title which was used for Joshua after his death. It may be the source of Paul's favorite phrase "the slave of Christ. Forever 'Olam at Jos. Israel wandered thirty-eight years in the desert cf. The etymology may be "the long necks" BDB , cf. Caleb wanted the hard assignment! He fully believed and acted on God's promises! Now the land had rest from war. Hebron was the location of the giants who terrified the Israeli spies. Caleb, at eighty-five years of age, wanted this challenge and he believed God would help him.

It is uncertain whether this editorial addition is a contemporary or later editor. Some have associated this with a confederation of four different cities or groups, while others relate it to the four different stages of the moon. Sidon, not Tyre, is listed as the main city of Phoenicia cf. This shall be your south border. And the border of the north side was from the bay of the sea at the mouth of the Jordan. Then the border curved to Shikkeron and continued to Mount Baalah and proceeded to Jabneel, and the border ended at the sea.

This is the border around the sons of Judah according to their families. The basic meaning is "red" BDB This wilderness is in the northern part of the Sinai peninsula in which Kadesh-barnea is located cf. The boundaries of the Promised Land are given in Numbers 34 cf. This pass was part of the unconquered Amorite territory in Jdgs. This one is the most southern boundary of the Promised Land and Egypt here the southern boundary of Judah, cf.

Other natural barriers or topological distinctives, like valleys, mountain ranges, plains, were also used as boundary markers. It is surely possible that this was a boundary marker and not a memorial cf. It is possible that it should be translated "Gelioth" cf. It was just outside the city of Jerusalem Jebus, cf.

This is the place which later the Jews turned into a garbage dump and which Jesus used as His metaphor to describe Hell Gehenna. Where Are the Dead? There are several different sites by this name. This does not refer to Mt. Seir in Edom, but a hill close to Jerusalem. Many believe that this refers to sun worship. There are several cities by this name. Apparently Judah never fully captured it or any of the main cities on the plain where chariot forces were used.

Sheshai and Ahiman and Talmai, the children of Anak. So she alighted from the donkey, and Caleb said to her, "What do you want? Apparently it was the location of a school which trained scribes in writing and recording within the Canaanite culture. He later became a judge cf. Whatever it meant, it was an idiom for getting someone's attention i.

The KB has "clap one's hands. The daughter knew what she was doing! This account is retold at the beginning of Judges cf. This would have reflected the tradition received by the Masoretic scholars. Verses were in the northeastern coastal plain, in the middle, in the southern, and in the Philistine coastal area. This section may have a separate source because its form is different from the rest of the lists of cities.

These lists seem to reflect a government registry. It is used of two villages. It is uncertain whether this reflects a manuscript error in the MT or extraneous material added by the translators of the LXX. Because Moses grew up and was trained in Egypt, which explains why Jewish scribes felt free to upgrade the literary works of Israel. See notes at Jos. The same is true for the Japhletites BDB This is the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Ephraim according to their families, 9 together with the cities which were set apart for the sons of Ephraim in the midst of the inheritance of the sons of Manasseh, all the cities with their villages.

Jacob adopted these boys as his own and gave Joseph the double inheritance of the firstborn son. This was the common experience of all the tribes cf. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament , makes a good point about this verse. This quote is footnoted to another source, G.

To Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, were allotted Gilead and Bashan, because he was a man of war. Mahlah and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah and Tirzah. And the land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh. It was the daughters who had no brothers who settled in Canaan. This term BDB originally meant "a rope or cord which was used to measure. Israel marked her directions based on a person facing east the tabernacle faced east , therefore, the south was on the left hand and the north on the right hand.

Not all nations give directions in the same way. Egypt based its compass directions on a person facing south i. This phrase is uncertain in Hebrew. The Jewish Publication Society of America translation has "these comprised three regions. Moses' commands in Deut.

These verses reveal the disobedience of the larger tribes cf. Even though the Canaanites were made servants, their fertility worship polluted and weakened the worship of YHWH. This would ultimately result in the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles. Here is negated an emphatic negation. For though it is a forest, you shall clear it, and to its farthest borders it shall be yours; for you shall drive out the Canaanites, even though they have chariots of iron and though they are strong.

This land was not part of the allotment, but was available for the taking. This also shows how the tribes could get more land. This may explain part of the tribe of Dan's relocation to the north. The size of this people group is often emphasized compare Gen. Like several names in this list it can refer to a place and a person. I will cast lots for you here before the Lord our God. Gad and Reuben and the half-tribe of Manasseh also have received their inheritance eastward beyond the Jordan, which Moses the servant of the Lord gave them.

The tabernacle resided here from Joshua's time to Samuel's time cf. This refers to the special sacrificial place set up by YHWH cf. Exodus , where He and His covenant people could ritually meet. In design it was not radically different from other portable Near Eastern worship centers which is also true of Solomon's temple, which is similar to Phoenician temples.

This was the home for the Ark of the Covenant in the Holy of Holies, where YHWH symbolically dwelt between the wings of the cherubim the place where heaven and earth met. Many of these promises are linked to covenant obedience. The command sense of these verbs is confirmed by the series of imperatives , which reflect this verse in Jos.

Whatever they were and however they worked, they represented the expressed will of Israel's God. This was a covenant act, both in method lots and result land inheritance. Exodus 13 in serving YHWH cf.

Access Check

Joshua wants these remaining tribes to act on YHWH's promises and possess their inheritance! The very act of these tribal representatives walking on the land was a symbol of possession cf. They must have had some schooling in Egypt or at least by their parents during the wilderness wandering period. For "lots" see note at Jos. This was the west side. This was the south border. This was the inheritance of the sons of Benjamin, according to their families and according to its borders all around. This is the tribe the smallest tribe of the first king, Saul, and the Apostle Paul cf.

Its land was between the powerful tribes of Judah to the south and Ephraim to the north. The place name occurs seven times in Joshua and refers to a place near the city of Bethel. This same boundary is described in Jos. The Hebrew text has "and went westward" cf. The verb gll BDB , means "to roll" Jos. The name means "place of the partridge" BDB This is the inheritance of the sons of Benjamin according to their families. It is in the tribal allocation of Benjamin. This was the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Simeon according to their families.

Simeon was incorporated early into Judah and lost its identity. It is not even listed in Moses' blessings to the tribes in Deuteronomy It is one of the most southern cities. It was part of the idiomatic phrase, "from Dan to Beersheba" which described the Promised Land. It is the name of the famous creedal statement of Deut. Simeon's allotted area was totally surrounded by Judah's allotment. In time Simeon disappears as an individual tribe. They are not even listed in Moses' blessings of Deuteronomy And the territory of their inheritance was as far as Sarid.

It was a common name. This is not the one in Judah i. This is not the same as the city by the same name in the tribal allocation of Judah cf. The tabernacle faced east. It became a symbol of help and hope. The Messiah will come from the east. As a person faces east, the right hand points south and the left hand points north.

North came to be a symbol of invasion and bad news because the Mesopotamian powers always invaded from the coastal plain through Phoenicia because of the desert to the east of Palestine. Anath was a fertility goddess. Then they struck it with the edge of the sword and possessed it and settled in it; and they called Leshem Dan after the name of Dan their father. Joshua told Ephraim earlier that if they wanted more land they should conquer what was already allocated to them. Some commentators see this as explaining Dan's relocation, but to me it was an act of unbelief. This is why it is listed in the conclusion of Judges cf.

Dan's original allocation was in the Philistine area. They chose to move instead of trusting YHWH to help them take their land. So he built the city and settled in it. So they finished dividing the land. It is described in Exodus Its procedures are given in Leviticus. The Shekinah cloud of glory, which led the Israelites during the exodus and wilderness wandering period, disappeared as soon as Israel crossed Jordan. YHWH's presence was now enshrined at the tabernacle. It was first set up at Gilgal 4: Later the tabernacle, without the ark Jdgs. Chapters 20 and 21 are a discussion of the Levitical cities and the cities of refuge.

There are forty-eight Levitical cities, six of which are cities of refuge; three in the trans-Jordan area and three in the Promised Land. The cities of refuge were an attempt to bring fairness to the "eye for an eye," limited revenge concept which was initiated within Israel. A city of refuge was a place where one could flee for safety if one had accidentally killed another person and where one could be protected from the aggressive actions of a near kinsmen Go'el , BDB of the person killed. There is another list of the Levitical cities found in 1 Chr. This is possibly due to the fact that the Israelis did not fully occupy their tribal allocations.

Then the manslayer shall return to his own city and to his own house, to the city from which he fled. These commands relate to previous revelation about these special cities of asylum and mercy. No other culture in the ancient Near East has cities like these. They uniquely reflect the mercy of YHWH toward those who act without malice or forethought. However, this system was replaced by having set cities within the Promised Land. Moses had already designated three cities in the trans-Jordan area cf. There are several discussions in the Pentateuch related to the cities of refuge cf.

If a person killed a fellow Israelite by accident, he could flee to one of these six cities. There, a trial would be held cf. If innocent of premeditated murder, he still had to remain in the city until the death of the High Priest. If guilty of murder, he was turned over to the blood avenger of the family he violated for the immediate punishment of death cf.

Because of it some scholars have concluded that the sin offering only treated inadvertent sin, that is, sins that were committed by mistake or sins which were done not knowing that the particular act was sinful see Milgrom, , Although it can also mean that the error was unintentional or inadvertent see e. There was no sacrifice for high-handed, defiant, premeditated, or known sin e. This concept of intentionality BDB is referred to in Lev. This is a good place to point out that the commandment "You shall not murder" cf. There was legal premeditated killing.

It is used about twenty times and always in connection with the cities of refuge. This new legal concept reveals the fairness and justice of YHWH. Motives make a difference! However, there are consequences to every act! The concept first appears in Gen. The positive side can be seen in Ruth 3: It is also mentioned in Lev. Hebron, mentioned in Jos. The city gate was the place where the elders sat and administered justice. The elders of the city initially tried the man to see if he was worthy of being protected. The OT talks a lot about one's responsibility in this area.

Part of the penalty was also the fact that the person had to live with the Levites and, therefore, would be trained in the way of the Law for these many years. It is the root of the name "Kedesh" BDB The word "holy" means "to be set apart by God for a specific purpose" e. Hebron" These were centrally located cities.

We learn from Deut. Golan" These were the cities which Moses appointed on the eastern side of the Jordan. Also notice that the same unintentionality is the criteria. The timing and method of the composition of Joshua is unclear. Many of the accounts go back to Joshua's time. However, some of the events could not have occurred until later.

This is especially true of some of the forty-eight Levitical cities. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament , p. It is also possible that the six cities of refuge were not fully functional until David's day p. And the sons of Aaron the priest, who were of the Levites, received thirteen cities by lot from the tribe of Judah and from the tribe of the Simeonites and from the tribe of Benjamin. There are three major households sons of the tribe of Levi cf. The first is the Kohathites, found in Jos. The second major group is the Gershonites, found in Jos. When discussing "Levites" in the historical literature of early Israel, there is no distinction made between "Levites" and "priests"; both are allowed to serve YHWH and eat from His offerings cf.

As the years passed, there developed a specialized recognition of the family of Aaron as denoting priests which was for life and passed on through families. The Hebrew ben BDB can mean. The Hebrew king, Psalm 2; 2 Sam. This kind of fluidity makes it impossible to add up the dates of ancestors and come up with a date for creation i.

Often, only the significant dates either of evil or good or some remembered action are listed. Several generations are often omitted e. We learn from Num. This was apparently to be used for growing crops or to keep a few animals in order to supplement their food supply which was provided by one of the three tithes of the people. It is not certain how to translate "pasture lands" BDB It could simply denote common land or open space i.

Some believe that it refers to the Urim and Thummim see note at Jos. During the movement of the tabernacle they were to move the ark and its furniture with the altars and the vessels of the tabernacle. It is obvious from looking at a map that Dan had a difficult time possessing its land because of the Philistines, therefore, part of the tribe had moved north cf. When the tabernacle was moved, they were in charge of the covering, the curtains, and the boards cf.

When the tabernacle was moved they were in charge of the boards, the bars, the pillars, the sockets and the pins cf. In a sense, the following chapters are an appendix. The conquest was an act of YHWH, using natural, supernatural, and military means. Yet covenant disobedience can negate the blessings of the promises of God! There is an inseparable bond between a faithful God and a faithful people.

The Conquest Of The Promised Land: Joshua

Covenant has privileges and responsibilities. Israel's inability to perform the covenant will require a "new covenant" cf. It shows that problems and misconceptions can be solved in non-violent ways. Israel had seemingly misunderstood the motive behind the altar and the eastern tribes failed to clearly communicate its purpose. Honest dialog can bring peace! It is possible that they were home and Joshua summoned them, but it is more likely that Jos. It is significant that in Jos. This verse is a series of quotes from themes in the book of Deuteronomy.

It has three pairs of emphases: They are a series of Qal infinitive constructs. Yes, "If the Lord delights in a man's way, he makes his steps firm" Psalm Irving Jensen - The average Christian knows the New Testament better than he does the Old, and this is understandable. But the Bible is one book, and the Christian who neglects a major part of it is forfeiting rich blessings intended for his own soul. There are two good reasons why every Christian should be acquainted with the book of Joshua.

First, he should know it for its historical—past and contemporary—value. The Jewish nation has never disclaimed title to the land-deed of Palestine which God gave its forefathers and which they appropriated under Joshua. From biblical prophecy and the stirrings of current events it is obvious that the most dramatic history of the land is yet to be written. Second, the book of Joshua is filled with spiritual lessons on how the Christian may live the victorious life rest-land living spoken of in Hebrews 3 and 4.

William Newell on Joshua - No book is more full of encouragement, wisdom and invigoration for the spiritual soldier… Israel as one has said, must be shown to be not only ungodly, as in Ex Till man learns both these lessons, God cannot come to him in grace. See his Lesson on "Joshua: The Book of Possession - 20 page study. Swindoll - What's the big idea? It celebrates God as general, defender, and king.

It shows the geographical boundaries given to each tribe of Israel. Even more significantly, the book of Joshua serves as the connecting narrative between the days of Moses and the days of the judges, during which the book was first circulated. That which Moses began and endured in the wilderness, Joshua was able to claim victoriously in the land. How do I apply this? God is the ultimate promise-keeper. As faithful and present as He was with Israel, so He is with us. The Red Sea, for example, typifies what we are separated from, and is fulfilled in Romans 6 and Romans 7; the Jordan River typifies what we are separated unto, and is fulfilled in Ephesians 1 and Ephesians 2… God's purpose for Israel was not only to deliver them out of Egypt but to bring them into the land of promise.

Canaan does not represent heaven. Remember, Canaan had in it walled cities, giants, and chariots of iron. It was a land of conflict, but it was also a land of conquest. God has far more in store for us than simply saving us from the penalty of sin. He desires to give us victory in our present situation, and enables us to claim what is ours in Christ Jesus.

Under Joshua, believing Israel entered temporarily into rest in the promised land. The Lord Jesus brings His people into a better rest. Moses represented the Law. The people could not enter the land of Canaan until Moses was dead. Moses died; he could not lead the people in. Likewise, the flesh is weak. What Moses could not do, Joshua did. He led them through the Jordan, which speaks of death and resurrection. He led the children of Israel to victory after crossing the Jordan. He was their advocate in time of defeat. It was Joshua who allotted them their portions within the land.

All of this beautifully pictures the work of our Lord in death and resurrection, in His present advocacy at the Father's right hand, and in His provision for believers. Not only is Christ typified in the life and ministry of Joshua, Israel's great warrior and deliverer, but we actually see Christ Himself in this marvelous book. Suppose someone should ask, ''I thought Christ did not exist until Bethlehem. Where do you find Him in the book of Joshua? Joshua and the Israelites stand before Jericho, a walled city.

God has told them to capture it. Joshua goes on a survey trip around the city outside the walls. Suddenly, he is confronted by a man with a drawn sword. Without question, this is a supernatural being. Joshua asks the question I think most of us would have asked: Joshua was to learn of One who was adequate for the task and equal to the circumstance. Christian friend, let us not forget this in our work. None of us is sufficient for the assignment. But we have One ''who is able to do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or think'' Eph 3: Yes, this was one of the pre-incarnate appearances of the Lord Jesus Christ… The great lesson for us is that spiritual victories are not won by human means.

Hebrews 11 says, ''By faith the walls of Jericho fell down'' Heb Faith in the unseen Captain of the Lord's hosts! This great victory in the experience of Israel is a warning. The Lord is dishonored when His church is engaged in activity that stems from fleshly energy, rather than from faith and the empowering of the Holy Spirit… Our heavenly Joshua, the Lord Jesus Christ, walked His earthly pilgrimage in perfect obedience to the Father.

Not once did He falter. He could say, lifting His face toward heaven, ''I have finished the work Thou gavest Me to do'' John Unlike the earthly Joshua who died and remains buried, the Lord Jesus Christ arose from the dead and now lives at the right hand of God the Father. What a wonderful Savior is Jesus, our Lord! Van Gorder - Recommended. We now come to a new Leader and a new command to arise and go in to possess a new land. Moses was not able to bring the Children of Israel into the Land of Promise. Moses was the embodiment of the Law. The Law cannot bring us into the fulness of the blessing of the Gospel of Christ.

That Jesus Christ alone can do, and through this book Joshua is a type of Him. The very name has the same meaning. First —The Gift of the land. And the Lord commanded them to observe to do according to all the law which Moses commanded, and to meditate therein day and night. The entrance of the Children of Israel into the Land of Canaan is full of teaching for the Christian.

It is true that in one sense it is a picture of the Better Country to which we look forward as our eternal Home. But in many respects it is far more truly a picture of our present inheritance in Christ Jesus, a good land we are called upon to enter here in this life.

It is a land of Rest from the wanderings of the wilderness life. It is a land of Plenty. It is a land of Living Water. It is a land of Promised Victory. And He has promised continual victory to those who commit themselves to His leadership.

He promises us—not absence of tribulation, but in Him peace; not freedom from temptation and conflict, but through Him victory; not immunity from toil, but in Him rest. It is the epistle most full of deep spiritual experience, yet nowhere have we a fuller description of the armour the Christian needs. Egypt was a type of the world. In the Amalekites in the wilderness—those descendants of Esau who sold his birthright for a mess of pottage, a people near of kin to Israel—we have a picture of the flesh, or self.

But in the Canaanites we have a picture of a still more deadly foe. From contemporary records as well as from Scripture, these nations seem to have been the very personification of evil. Highly civilized, versed in arts and full of intellectual culture, they were nevertheless hopelessly corrupt. The Wiles of the Devil. For we wrestle not against flesh and blood. From all lands today we hear the same testimony—those who know most of the power of the Holy Spirit are experiencing most of personal conflict with the Devil. He is willing to deny his own personality even, if by so doing he can blind men and women to his power.

The Red Sea and Jordan. The interval is filled with unbelief and disobedience, and even the act of faith—the Crossing of Jordan—which brought the Children of Israel into the land is omitted; for had there been no wandering there had been no Jordan: The two crossings are coupled together in Psalm Going down into the bed of the sea and into the bed of the river alike signified death.

Both show our participation in the death of Christ. And so it often is with Christians now. They have seen Christ crucified for them as the ground of their salvation, but they need to see themselves crucified with Christ. The channel of the river has several sets of banks, cut out by the stream in its varying fulness, and at this time it was overflowing all its banks. For a great multitude—including women and children and cattle—to have crossed it at such a time was an absolute impossibility.

But as soon as the feet of the Priests, bearing the Ark of the Covenant, touched the brimming flood, the waters divided, and the priests stood firm on dry ground in the midst of Jordan until all the people were clean passed over. Buried and Risen with Christ. The Ark was a type of Christ: He has gone down into death for us.

The twelve stones set up on the other side show us our place as risen with Him. This is only the beginning of a new life of victory, the acceptance of our position, as risen with Christ, which makes victory possible. It is what Paul meant when he said: The next step for the Children of Israel was the renewing at Gilgal of the Covenant with God by the neglected rite of circumcision, separating themselves unto the Lord. And they ate of the old corn of the land, the manna ceasing from that time.

In the slain Lamb and the Bread of Life we have another picture of Christ. Not only in type do we see Christ in the Book of Joshua. There came a day when the Lord Himself shone through in all His glory. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto Him, What saith my Lord unto His servant?

And Joshua did so…. The Burning Bush was a picture of the Incarnation, but how much more vivid was this foreshadowing in the form of a man. The saint wins his victories beforehand on his knees, and then stands still and sees the salvation of the Lord. It was like the token of the blood on the door-posts in the Passover In former days in the Royal Navy every rope and cord was marked with a scarlet thread running right through its entire length, so that wherever you cut the rope you found the scarlet cord. The scarlet line of redemption through the precious blood of Christ runs through the Bible from Genesis to Revelation.

Each step in the record of the conquest of Canaan is the vivid story of an eye-witness, if only there were space to dwell upon all the details. Jerusalem is mentioned in this book, and it has been objected that this city was not called Jerusalem until the reign of David. These tablets also constantly refer to the Habiri, who have been identified with the Hebrews. There are frequent appeals from all parts of Canaan to Egypt for help against this powerful foe.

The victory at Jericho was followed by the defeat before Ai. And the Lord said, Get thee up; wherefore liest thou thus upon thy face? Israel hath sinned … therefore they could not stand before their enemies. Early in the morning all Israel had to appear before the Lord, tribe by tribe, and family by family, and man by man, till the guilt was brought home to Achan, and he confessed his sin. The defeat before Ai was caused by hidden sin. There is a very solemn lesson here—that sin always means defeat.

All may look right outwardly, but God is not deceived. Absolute obedience is the condition of victory in the land. We may have had some great victory, like Jericho, and then fail in some little Ai of daily life. He will give victory in the very place where we have been shamefully defeated. But we need all the power of God for every battle, and our position is one of absolute dependence on Him. It has been objected that people could not hear each other at such a distance; but the acoustic properties of the valley are remarkable, and Canon Tristram tested it on the spot, two of his party stationing themselves on opposite sides of the valley and reciting the Ten Commandments in turn with perfect ease.

Ebal is to the north of the valley, Gerizim to the south. The priests standing with the Ark would no doubt be facing the east. The Ark did so wherever the Tabernacle was pitched. Thus Mount Ebal would be on the left hand northwards, Gerizim on the right hand southwards—the same position as regards blessing and cursing as in the parable of the Sheep and the Goats. We cannot but see Divine plan in the perfect harmony of all these details.

Then follows the stratagem of the Gibeonites, who with their mouldy loaves and ragged garments led the Children of Israel to believe they had come from a far country, and therefore entered into a covenant with them. It was because Israel asked not counsel of the Lord, but took of their victuals, that they fell into the snare.

Here again we are taught the need of absolute dependence upon the Lord in the life of faith. He is willing to guide us in every detail of our lives, but we must seek to know His will, and not judge by the sight of our eyes or lean upon our own understanding. Having entered into league with the Gibeonites, Israel was bound to respond to their appeal for help when five other nations rose up against them.

God overruled this circumstance to deliver the five kings into the hands of His people. As these nations worshipped the sun and moon, there was a special reason for the miracle which God wrought on that day in showing them His power in controlling the hosts of heaven. We do not know how that miracle was wrought, it is enough for us to believe that He who made the universe could control its action.

The first half of Joshua is mainly occupied with the Key-note of Victory, the second half with the Key-note of Possession. The promise was that every place that the sole of their foot should tread should be theirs.

GOD'S ENCOURAGEMENT TO JOSHUA

Then follows an account of the division of the land. The inheritance of the two-and-a-half tribes beyond Jordan, and the inheritance of Caleb. That old warrior claimed the mountain of the Anakims, with its cities great and fenced, which God had promised him forty years before. Othniel his nephew took it and won the prize. And he gave her the upper springs and the nether springs.

Next we read of the inheritance of Judah, and then of Ephraim and Manasseh. We read that the children of Manasseh could not drive out the Canaanites, but put them under tribute and let them dwell in the land Joshua When we come to study the Book of Judges we shall see what trouble came through Israel not obeying God in driving out the Canaanites. The process of degeneration had begun even in the time of Joshua. Though the children of Joseph failed they were also ambitious, and came to Joshua with the plea that they were a great people and their lot was not enough for them.

Then Joshua bade them go up into the wood country and take the land of the giants. But the children of Joseph feared to go because the inhabitants had chariots of iron. Then we read of the Tabernacle being set up at Shiloh, and the congregation of Israel were assembled there, as the central Place of sacrifice.

Then the seven remaining tribes received their portion, and Joshua his own special portion, and the six Cities of Refuge were fixed. The Levites held their cities upon a different tenure from the other tribes, for the Lord Himself was the portion of their inheritance. He reminds them that it is God who has fought for them. He exhorts them to keep all that is written in the Law of Moses, and to serve the Lord with all their heart. He died at the age of a hundred and ten years, leaving a character without blemish.

After the account of his death we have the ominous words: Our Joshua never dies. It is He who brings us into the good land, and it is only as we abide under His leadership that we shall possess it and overcome all our enemies. Do you wonder if you are following the Lord's leading to the place where He wants you to be? The Israelites cried out to God, and He heard them, raising up Moses to deliver them out of slavery in the land of Egypt and lead them towards the Promised Land.

Because of their sin, however, they suffered the consequences and wandered in the wilderness for nearly forty years. What can you learn from the children of Israel so that you won't make the same mistakes? It takes up less space than the original fifty-volume set, and not everything in the original set is worth owning. This set, originally published in , contains expositions by both conservative and liberal theologians. Clarke was Methodist, Wesleyan, Arminian , e.

He did not always interpret Scripture literally and so was amillennial to quote Clarke on years - " I am satisfied that this period should not be taken literally " [ see comment on Rev Influential in development of doctrine of Entire Sanctification or "Christian perfection". Affirmed the authority and sufficiency of Scripture, but held a belief of "plenary dynamic inspiration" idea of every thought inspired , thus falling short of "plenary verbal inspiration" every single word inspired Bib.

Vol , p , In summary, a useful, respected commentary but as with all extra-Biblical resources you are advised to "Be a Berean! Fausset and David Brown. This was John Calvin's last written work in completed shortly before his death. David Howard notes that "It consistently engages the text and is filled with many good insights, even for today. We cannot read Keil with pleasure, for we want spiritual meat, but yet it is most desirable for us to know what the text really means.

Without indicating either the spiritual lesson or the moral of the history, Keil simply explains the facts, and in so doing aids the reader to realize them. We confess we should like something more. A work for the learned. It has received the highest commendations from competent scholars. But it is somewhat dull and formal. John Lloyd examines the book of Joshua as a literal, prophetic, and spiritual history of the Jewish people. In The Book of Joshua: A Critical and Expository Commentary of the Hebrew Text, he explores the idea of Joshua as an archetype for the coming Messiah—and the journey to the promised land as a mirror for entry to heaven.

The verse-by-verse commentary comprises grammatical, exegetical, historical, and ethical notes that mine the depths of this early prophetic work. It also includes an index of geographical names. John Lloyd was the rector of Llanvapley, a village in Wales. Megiddo - Joshua Jezreel, Jezreel Valley - Google Joshua Gibeon - Joshua Hazor - Joshua I also highly recommend Chuck Smith's insightful overviews of the book of Joshua in which he discusses our great need for walking by the Spirit, using this book as an illustration.

Defender's Study Bible Notes - Conservative notes from a well-known creationist. See right margin for links to available notes. Be a Berean Acts NETBible notes are in the right panel. You can also select the tab for "Constable's Notes. This is a very helpful feature. This work, later called Preaching Through the Bible Baker Book House , is rich in its applications and exhortations, though often not particularly helpful for the reader who is looking for exposition that stays right with the text.

Treatment of the texts is sermonic. Commentaries for Biblical Expositors: An annotated bibliography of selected works. Note that there are multiple homilies associated with each of the following expositions - simply scroll down the page to review the homilies. John Piper says that Horae Homileticae "is the best place to go for researching Simeon's theology. You can find his views on almost every key text in the Bible.

He did not want to be labeled a Calvinist or an Arminian. He wanted to be Biblical through and through and give every text its due proportion, whether it sounded Arminian as it stands or Calvinistic. But he was known as an evangelical Calvinist, and rightly so. As I have read portions of his sermons on texts concerning election and effectual calling and perseverance he is uninhibited in his affirmation of what we would call the doctrines of grace… What Simeon experienced in the word was remarkable. And it is so utterly different from the counsel that we receive today that it is worth looking at.

Through the Bible C Series - this series was recorded in the 's and while over 30 years old is literally packed with practical insights into how to live the Victorious Christian life based on the eternal truths and principles that are found in the Book of Joshua - highly recommended. This would make a great supplement to your personal through the Bible in a year reading program. Read and study and meditate on Joshua yourself first using the principles of inductive Bible study.

Then listen to Pastor Chuck's wonderful Spirit-filled, Christ exalting, Word centered, God glorifying discussion of the chapters you have studied and pondered. I can guarantee you will be edified, equipped and transformed by the Spirit 2Cor 3: C H Spurgeon comments on John Trapp: Dickinson has rendered them accessible,[7] I trust most of you have bought them. Trapp will be most valuable to men of discernment, to thoughtful men, to men who only want a start in a line of thought, and are then able to run alone. Trapp excels in witty stories on the one hand, and learned allusions on the other.

You will not thoroughly enjoy him unless you can turn to the original, and yet a mere dunce at classics will prize him. His writings remind me of himself: Some of his remarks are far fetched, and like the far fetched rarities of Solomon's Tarshish, there is much gold and silver, but there are also apes and peacocks.

His criticisms would some of them be the cause of amusement in these days of greater scholarship; but for all that, he who shall excel Trapp had need rise very early in the morning. Trapp is my especial companion and treasure; I can read him when I am too weary for anything else. Trapp is salt, pepper, mustard, vinegar, and all the other condiments. Put him on the table when you study, and when you have your dish ready, use him by way of spicing the whole thing. Yes, gentlemen, read Trapp certainly, and if you catch the infection of his consecrated humour, so much the better for your hearers.

The best commentary on Scripture is Scripture Compare Scripture with Scripture and these cross references compiled by Torrey are the most comprehensive work of this type with over , entries. However, always check the context Keep Context King to make sure that the cross reference is referring to the same subject as the original Scripture. The Puritan writer Thomas Watson said it this way - "The Scripture is to be its own interpreter or rather the Spirit speaking in it; nothing can cut the diamond but the diamond; nothing can interpret Scripture but Scripture.

See also Use of Cross-References. Whenever the Lord assigns us a difficult task, He gives us what we need to carry it out. Today's Scripture tells us that Joshua was thrust into a position of great responsibility. How could he ever follow such a. In his own strength it would be impossible to lead the people into the Promised Land. But along with the marching orders, the Lord gave him an assuring promise: Then He said, "Have I not commanded you? Be strong and of good courage; do not be afraid, nor dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go" v.

Such reassurances were the backing Joshua needed. If God has given you some special work to do that frightens you, it's your responsibility to jump at it. It's up to the Lord to see you through. As you faithfully do your part, He will do His part. I'll go where You want me to go, dear Lord, O'er mountain, or plain, or sea; I'll say what You want me to say, dear Lord, I'll be what You want me to be.

During our church's annual New Year's Eve Communion service, we say this prayer together: We give You our failures, our regrets, and our disappointments, for we have no more use for them. Make us now a new people, forgetting what lies behind and pressing on toward that which lies ahead of us. Purify them by Your Spirit so that our wills shall truly reflect Your will for us. In every transition, it's good to look both ways. When Joshua assumed leadership of Israel, God told him to consider the past and the future: Now therefore, arise, go over this Jordan, you and all this people, to the land which I am giving to them" Joshua 1: Then He promised, "As I was with Moses, so I will be with you… Do not be afraid, nor be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go" vv.

With confidence in God, we can look back and look ahead, then walk boldly into a new year. Forgive us, Lord, for failures past, Then help us start anew With strength and courage to obey And closely follow You. I was in England during World War II working as a surgical technician in an army hospital when I heard the shocking radio announcement: I was relieved when I heard him say that he felt as if an enormous weight had fallen on his shoulders and that he desired people everywhere to pray for him. This reassured me that he humbly recognized his inadequacies and his need for God's help.

Few of us will ever be thrust into a position of leadership with duties of that magnitude, but most of us know the feeling of inadequacy in the face of great responsibility we are about to assume. It might be that of taking on a new job, getting a promotion at work, choosing a spouse, becoming a parent, or accepting a new ministry in Sunday school or church.

When we face a new challenge, we can take courage from the Lord's words to Joshua 1: We can accept our opportunity as from Him and believe that He will give us all we need to do it well.

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