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Although Scott had attained worldwide celebrity through his poetry, he soon tried his hand at documenting his researches into the oral tradition of the Scottish Borders in prose fiction—stories and novels—at the time still considered aesthetically inferior to poetry above all to such classical genres as the epic or poetic tragedy as a mimetic vehicle for portraying historical events. In an innovative and astute action, he wrote and published his first novel , Waverley , anonymously in It was a tale of the Jacobite rising of Its English protagonist, Edward Waverley, like Don Quixote a great reader of romances, has been brought up by his Tory uncle, who is sympathetic to Jacobitism , although Edward's own father is a Whig.

The youthful Waverley obtains a commission in the Whig army and is posted in Dundee. On leave, he meets his uncle's friend, the Jacobite Baron Bradwardine and is attracted to the Baron's daughter Rose. On a visit to the Highlands, Edward overstays his leave and is arrested and charged with desertion but is rescued by the Highland chieftain Fergus MacIvor and his mesmerizing sister Flora, whose devotion to the Stuart cause, "as it exceeded her brother's in fanaticism, excelled it also in purity".

Through Flora, Waverley meets Bonnie Prince Charlie , and under her influence goes over to the Jacobite side and takes part in the Battle of Prestonpans.

He escapes retribution, however, after saving the life of a Whig colonel during the battle. Waverley whose surname reflects his divided loyalties eventually decides to lead a peaceful life of establishment respectability under the House of Hanover rather than live as a proscribed rebel. He chooses to marry the beautiful Rose Bradwardine, rather than cast his lot with the sublime Flora MacIvor, who, after the failure of the '45 rising, retires to a French convent.

There followed a succession of novels over the next five years, each with a Scottish historical setting. Mindful of his reputation as a poet, Scott maintained the anonymity he had begun with Waverley , publishing the novels under the name "Author of Waverley" or as "Tales of During this time Scott became known by the nickname "The Wizard of the North". In he was given the honour of dining with George, Prince Regent , who wanted to meet the "Author of Waverley". Scott's series Tales of my Landlord is sometimes considered a subset of the Waverley novels and was intended to illustrate aspects of Scottish regional life.

Among the best known is The Bride of Lammermoor , a fictionalized version of an actual incident in the history of the Dalrymple family that took place in the Lammermuir Hills in In the novel, Lucie Ashton and the nobly born but now dispossessed and impoverished Edgar Ravenswood exchange vows. But the Ravenswoods and the wealthy Ashtons, who now own the former Ravenswood lands, are enemies, and Lucie's mother forces her daughter to break her engagement to Edgar and marry the wealthy Sir Arthur Bucklaw.

Lucie falls into a depression and on their wedding night stabs the bridegroom, succumbs to insanity, and dies. The prolonged, climactic coloratura mad scene for Lucia in Donizetti 's bel canto opera Lucia di Lammermoor is based on what in the novel were just a few bland sentences. Tales of my Landlord includes the now highly regarded novel Old Mortality , set in —89 against the backdrop of the ferocious anti-Covenanting campaign of the Tory Graham of Claverhouse , subsequently made Viscount Dundee called "Bluidy Clavers" by his opponents but later dubbed " Bonnie Dundee " by Scott.

The Covenanters were presbyterians who had supported the Restoration of Charles II on promises of a Presbyterian settlement, but he had instead reintroduced Episcopalian church government with draconian penalties for Presbyterian worship. This led to the destitution of around ministers who had refused to take an oath of allegiance and submit themselves to bishops, and who continued to conduct worship among a remnant of their flock in caves and other remote country spots.

The relentless persecution of these conventicles and attempts to break them up by military force had led to open revolt. The story is told from the point of view of Henry Morton, a moderate Presbyterian, who is unwittingly drawn into the conflict and barely escapes summary execution. In writing Old Mortality Scott drew upon the knowledge he had acquired from his researches into ballads on the subject for The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.

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A recent critic, who is a legal as well as a literary scholar, argues that Old Mortality not only reflects the dispute between Stuart's absolute monarchy and the jurisdiction of the courts, but also invokes a foundational moment in British sovereignty, namely, the Habeas Corpus Act also known as the Great Writ , passed by the English Parliament in Ivanhoe , set in 12th-century England, marked a move away from Scott's focus on the local history of Scotland.

Based partly on Hume's History of England and the ballad cycle of Robin Hood , Ivanhoe was quickly translated into many languages and inspired countless imitations and theatrical adaptations. Ivanhoe depicts the cruel tyranny of the Norman overlords Norman Yoke over the impoverished Saxon populace of England, with two of the main characters, Rowena and Locksley Robin Hood , representing the dispossessed Saxon aristocracy.

When the protagonists are captured and imprisoned by a Norman baron, Scott interrupts the story to exclaim:.

It is grievous to think that those valiant barons, to whose stand against the crown the liberties of England were indebted for their existence, should themselves have been such dreadful oppressors, and capable of excesses contrary not only to the laws of England, but to those of nature and humanity.

The institution of the Magna Carta , which happens outside the time frame of the story, is portrayed as a progressive incremental reform, but also as a step towards the recovery of a lost golden age of liberty endemic to England and the English system. Scott puts a derisive prophecy in the mouth of the jester Wamba:.

Walter Scott

Norman saw on English oak. Although on the surface an entertaining escapist romance, alert contemporary readers would have quickly recognised the political subtext of Ivanhoe , which appeared immediately after the English Parliament, fearful of French-style revolution in the aftermath of Waterloo , had passed the Habeas Corpus Suspension acts of and and other extremely repressive measures, and when traditional English Charter rights versus revolutionary human rights was a topic of discussion. Ivanhoe was also remarkable in its sympathetic portrayal of Jewish characters: Rebecca, considered by many critics the book's real heroine, does not in the end get to marry Ivanhoe, whom she loves, but Scott allows her to remain faithful to her own religion, rather than having her convert to Christianity.

Likewise, her father, Isaac of York, a Jewish moneylender, is shown as a victim rather than a villain. In Ivanhoe , which is one of Scott's Waverley novels, religious and sectarian fanatics are the villains, while the eponymous hero is a bystander who must weigh the evidence and decide where to take a stand. Scott's positive portrayal of Judaism, which reflects his humanity and concern for religious toleration, also coincided with a contemporary movement for the Emancipation of the Jews in England.

Scott's fame grew as his explorations and interpretations of Scottish history and society captured popular imagination. During the years of the Protectorate under Cromwell the Crown Jewels had been hidden away, but had subsequently been used to crown Charles II. They were not used to crown subsequent monarchs, but were regularly taken to sittings of Parliament, to represent the absent monarch, until the Act of Union Thereafter, the honours were stored in Edinburgh Castle, but the large locked box in which they were stored was not opened for more than years, and stories circulated that they had been "lost" or removed.

In , Scott and a small team of military men opened the box, and "unearthed" the honours from the Crown Room in the depths of Edinburgh Castle. After George's accession to the throne, the city council of Edinburgh invited Scott, at the King's behest, to stage-manage the visit of King George IV to Scotland. He used the event to contribute to the drawing of a line under an old world that pitched his homeland into regular bouts of bloody strife. He, along with his "production team", mounted what in modern days could be termed a PR event, in which the King was dressed in tartan , and was greeted by his people, many of whom were also dressed in similar tartan ceremonial dress.

This form of dress, proscribed after the rebellion against the English, became one of the seminal, potent and ubiquitous symbols of Scottish identity. In his novel Kenilworth , Elizabeth I is welcomed to the castle of that name by means of an elaborate pageant, the details of which Scott was well qualified to itemize. Much of Scott's autograph work shows an almost stream-of-consciousness approach to writing.

Sir Walter Scott

He included little in the way of punctuation in his drafts, leaving such details to the printers to supply. He kept up his prodigious output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte , until By then his health was failing, but he nevertheless undertook a grand tour of Europe, and was welcomed and celebrated wherever he went. He returned to Scotland and, in September , during the epidemic in Scotland that year, died of typhus [32] at Abbotsford, the home he had designed and had built, near Melrose in the Scottish Borders.

His wife, Lady Scott, had died in and was buried as an Episcopalian. Two Presbyterian ministers and one Episcopalian officiated at his funeral. Scott's eldest son, Lt Walter Scott, inherited his father's estate and possessions. Scott was raised a Presbyterian but later also adhered to the Scottish Episcopal Church. Many have suggested this demonstrates both his nationalistic and unionistic tendencies. His distant cousin was the poet Randall Swingler. When Scott was a boy, he sometimes travelled with his father from Selkirk to Melrose, where some of his novels are set.

At a certain spot the old gentleman would stop the carriage and take his son to a stone on the site of the Battle of Melrose During the summers from , Scott made his home at the large house of Ashestiel, on the south bank of the River Tweed 6 miles 9. When his lease on this property expired in , Scott bought Cartley Hole Farm, downstream on the Tweed nearer Melrose. Scott was a pioneer of the Scottish Baronial style of architecture, therefore Abbotsford is festooned with turrets and stepped gabling.

Through windows enriched with the insignia of heraldry the sun shone on suits of armour, trophies of the chase, a library of more than 9, volumes, fine furniture, and still finer pictures. Panelling of oak and cedar and carved ceilings relieved by coats of arms in their correct colours added to the beauty of the house. More land was purchased until Scott owned nearly 1, acres 4. A Roman road with a ford near Melrose used in olden days by the abbots of Melrose suggested the name of Abbotsford.

Scott was buried in Dryburgh Abbey , where his wife had earlier been interred.

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Nearby is a large statue of William Wallace , one of Scotland's many romanticised historical figures. Although he continued to be extremely popular and widely read, both at home and abroad, [44] Scott's critical reputation declined in the last half of the 19th century as serious writers turned from romanticism to realism, and Scott began to be regarded as an author suitable for children. This trend accelerated in the 20th century. For example, in his classic study Aspects of the Novel , E. Forster harshly criticized Scott's clumsy and slapdash writing style, "flat" characters, and thin plots.

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In contrast, the novels of Scott's contemporary Jane Austen , once appreciated only by the discerning few including, as it happened, Scott himself rose steadily in critical esteem, though Austen, as a female writer, was still faulted for her narrow "feminine" choice of subject matter, which, unlike Scott, avoided the grand historical themes traditionally viewed as masculine.

Nevertheless, Scott's importance as an innovator continued to be recognized. He was acclaimed as the inventor of the genre of the modern historical novel which others trace to Jane Porter , whose work in the genre predates Scott's and the inspiration for enormous numbers of imitators and genre writers both in Britain and on the European continent. In the cultural sphere, Scott's Waverley novels played a significant part in the movement begun with James Macpherson 's Ossian cycle in rehabilitating the public perception of the Scottish Highlands and its culture, which had been formerly suppressed as barbaric, and viewed in the southern mind as a breeding ground of hill bandits, religious fanaticism, and Jacobite rebellions.

His own contribution to the reinvention of Scottish culture was enormous, even though his re-creations of the customs of the Highlands were fanciful at times, despite his extensive travels around his native country. It is a testament to Scott's contribution in creating a unified identity for Scotland that Edinburgh's central railway station, opened in by the North British Railway , is called Waverley. The fact that Scott was a Lowland Presbyterian , rather than a Gaelic-speaking Catholic Highlander, made him more acceptable to a conservative English reading public.

Scott's novels were certainly influential in the making of the Victorian craze for all things Scottish among British royalty, who were anxious to claim legitimacy through their rather attenuated historical connection with the royal house of Stuart. At the time Scott wrote, Scotland was poised to move away from an era of socially divisive clan warfare to a modern world of literacy and industrial capitalism. Through the medium of Scott's novels, the violent religious and political conflicts of the country's recent past could be seen as belonging to history—which Scott defined, as the subtitle of Waverley "'Tis Sixty Years Since" indicates, as something that happened at least 60 years ago.

Scott's advocacy of objectivity and moderation and his strong repudiation of political violence on either side also had a strong, though unspoken, contemporary resonance in an era when many conservative English speakers lived in mortal fear of a revolution in the French style on British soil. Scott's orchestration of King George IV's visit to Scotland , in , was a pivotal event intended to inspire a view of his home country that, in his view, accentuated the positive aspects of the past while allowing the age of quasi-medieval blood-letting to be put to rest, while envisioning a more useful, peaceful future.

After Scott's work had been essentially unstudied for many decades, a revival of critical interest began from the s. Postmodern tastes favoured discontinuous narratives and the introduction of the "first person", yet they were more favourable to Scott's work than Modernist tastes.

Scott is now seen as an important innovator and a key figure in the development of Scottish and world literature, and particularly as the principal inventor of the historical novel.

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In Edinburgh, the It was completed in , 12 years after Scott's death, and dominates the south side of Princes Street. Scott is also commemorated on a stone slab in Makars' Court , outside The Writers' Museum, Lawnmarket , Edinburgh, along with other prominent Scottish writers; quotes from his work are also visible on the Canongate Wall of the Scottish Parliament building in Holyrood. There is a tower dedicated to his memory on Corstorphine Hill in the west of the city and, as mentioned, Edinburgh's Waverley railway station takes its name from one of his novels.

Designed by David Rhind in , the monument features a large column topped by a statue of Scott. Numerous Masonic Lodges have been named after him and his novels. Lodge Sir Walter Scott, No. The award has been presented at Scott's historic home, Abbotsford House. Scott has been credited with rescuing the Scottish banknote.

In , there was outrage in Scotland at the attempt of Parliament to prevent the production of banknotes of less than five pounds. Scott wrote a series of letters to the Edinburgh Weekly Journal under the pseudonym " Malachi Malagrowther " for retaining the right of Scottish banks to issue their own banknotes. This provoked such a response that the Government was forced to relent and allow the Scottish banks to continue printing pound notes. This campaign is commemorated by his continued appearance on the front of all notes issued by the Bank of Scotland.

The image on the series of banknotes is based on the portrait by Henry Raeburn. During and immediately after World War I there was a movement spearheaded by President Wilson and other eminent people to inculcate patriotism in American school children , especially immigrants, and to stress the American connection with the literature and institutions of the "mother country" of Great Britain, using selected readings in middle school textbooks.

Letitia Elizabeth Landon was a great admirer of Scott and, on his death, she wrote two tributes to him: Towards the end of her life she began a series called The Female Picture Gallery with a series of character analyses based on the women in Scott's works. Oh that tedious author, a dusty exhumer of chronicles! A fastidious mass of descriptions of bric-a-brac In the novella, however, Cramer proves as deluded a romantic as any hero in one of Scott's novels. In a speech delivered at Salem, Massachusetts, on 6 January , to raise money for the families of the executed abolitionist John Brown and his followers, Ralph Waldo Emerson calls Brown an example of true chivalry, which consists not in noble birth but in helping the weak and defenseless and declares that "Walter Scott would have delighted to draw his picture and trace his adventurous career".

In his memoir, Army Life in a Black Regiment , New England abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson later editor of Emily Dickinson , described how he wrote down and preserved Negro spirituals or "shouts" while serving as a colonel in the First South Carolina Volunteers , the first authorized Union Army regiment recruited from freedmen during the Civil War memorialized in the film Glory. He wrote that he was "a faithful student of the Scottish ballads, and had always envied Sir Walter the delight of tracing them out amid their own heather, and of writing them down piecemeal from the lips of aged crones".

According to his daughter Eleanor , Scott was "an author to whom Karl Marx again and again returned, whom he admired and knew as well as he did Balzac and Fielding". In his Life on the Mississippi , Mark Twain satirized the impact of Scott's writings, declaring with humorous hyperbole that Scott "had so large a hand in making Southern character, as it existed before the [American Civil] war ", that he is "in great measure responsible for the war".

Twain also targeted Scott in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , where he names a sinking boat the "Walter Scott" ; and, in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court , the main character repeatedly utters "great Scott" as an oath; by the end of the book, however, he has become absorbed in the world of knights in armor, reflecting Twain's ambivalence on the topic. Ramsey glances at her husband:.

1771 - 1832

He was reading something that moved him very much He was tossing the pages over. I Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, Vol.

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