Communities and The Environment: Ethnicity, Gender, and the State in Community-Based Conservation: E

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E , Pascale, J. C and Zilio, M. Experiences from Three Countries in Latin America. Western, D and Wright, R. Perspectives in Community Based Conservation. T , Courtney, C. A and Salamanca, A Coastal Management 30 1: A and Knuth, B. World Development 32 5: I , London, S , Perillo, G. E and Cintia Piccolo, M The Social Cost of Dredging: The Bahia Blanca Estuary Case. Trade-offs between conservation and development in community-based management initiatives. International Journal of the Commons. International Journal of the Commons , 11 2 , — Trade-offs between conservation and development in community-based management initiatives 11, no.

Start Submission Become a Reviewer. Research articles Trade-offs between conservation and development in community-based management initiatives Author: Abstract Community-based management CBM has attracted much interest as a conservation and development strategy in natural resource-dependent communities in recent decades.

Community-Based Conservation of Natural Resources

Published on 16 Oct Introduction In a context of increasing pressure to use natural resources and the urgency to foster their sustainable management, communities that interact daily with and base their livelihood on natural resources have an important role to play Brondizio and Tourneau ; Delgado-Serrano et al.

Table 1 Case study description. Agriculture, artisanal gold mining, and fishing. Incipient ecotourism initiatives Calima: Logging, artisanal gold mining, and fishing Logging, subsistence agriculture, livestock, sawmill and ecotourism Payment for ecosystem services water catchment Remittances Fishery for artisanal fishers. Other inhabitants depend on tourism, petrochemical industry, port, industrial fishery, livestock industry, fruit and vegetables Socioeconomic features High level of poverty and marginalization Lack of formal jobs Some job opportunities in cities, construction, infrastructures High level of poverty Lack of employment opportunities Migration High level of economic development Low unemployment level Diversified job structure, with artisanal fishery representing a small sector Brief description of the SES Tropical forest with high biodiversity and water resources Good road connections in AMDA Buenaventura-Cali highway crosses the territory but many settlements in Calima only accessible by boat Depletion of forest by a paper factory in the s—s, now restored Armed conflict, paramilitaries and illegal activities Temperate, mesophyll and tropical forests the territory ranges from to m.

Strong conservation values Depletion of forest by a paper factory in the s—s, now restored. Important struggles to recuperate the use of forest Blocking of new initiatives and entrepreneurship Low provision of infrastructures and services at the two agencies Important environmental and paleontological resources Strong urban influence Heterogeneous community in terms of natural resource use, power relations, conflicts Artisanal fishery considered as a non-efficient sector Disturbance of estuary ecological functions by economic activities Interferences in dune dynamics and coastal erosion by buildings References AMDA-CVC Farah et al.

Table 2 Summary of data collection methods. Settings The analysis of the settings in the 3 cases studies Table 3 shows that even if the rights of the community to use the natural resources are recognized by the national legal frameworks in all three cases, there remains a lack of alignment between the interests of the communities and those of the governments. Table 3 Factors describing the settings. Calima and AMDA CO Comaltepec MX Bahia Blanca AR Institutional framework Collective rights recognised by National Constitution Collective rights recognised by Mexican Constitution Direct administration of the territory by local inhabitants recognized by state and federal laws Marine and coastal resources are public property Fishing activities developed by private actors and regulated by government Alignment of interests Partial, conflict between conservation Biodiversity Policy and economic development interests mining No current collision of interests between government and community Lack of alignment between artisanal fishers and government interests in industrial sectors Power relations Highly asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric and not well-defined Threats and conflicts Paramilitaries and guerrilla Richness of natural resources attracts powerful actors No external threats or conflicts Migration as internal threat Different sectors compete for natural resource use.

Table 4 Factors describing institutions. Conservation Natural resource conservation results are displayed in Table 5. Table 5 Factors describing conservation. Fishers monitor, but have no enforcement authority. Development The livelihood strategies in the three case studies are based on natural resources exploitation Table 6. Table 6 Factors describing development. Calima and AMDA CO Comaltepec MX Bahia Blanca AR Resource availability Abundant Abundant Limited by poor management and lack of control Livelihood strategies Entire population relies on natural resource exploitation Hunting, fishing, agriculture and artisanal gold mining Legal and illegal wood commercialized with low added value Entire population relies on natural resource exploitation Forest production, livestock and subsistence agriculture.

Voice and representation Limited externally, but Increasing All inhabitants have a voice in the Assembly Limited reduced interactions with other communities, rejection of new ideas and initiatives Restricted participation of youthand women in the Assembly Increasing voice and representation of artisanal fisherseduced interactions with other communiti New interaction spaces that increase collective action.

Strengths and weaknesses of CBM The three case studies analyzed here reveal that context and power asymmetries strongly influence the effectiveness of CBMs. Trade-offs between conservation and development Welfare depends on natural resource extraction in the three case studies but balancing resource conservation and economic needs is inherently difficult. Conclusions Local livelihoods depend on sustainable management in the three cases analyzed, but in all of them, a trade-off between conservation and development was identified. Literature cited Adger, W. Approximately artisanal fishers and fisheries-dependent families.

The area has 32, inhabitants in five urban centers.

Logging, artisanal gold mining, and fishing. Logging, subsistence agriculture, livestock, sawmill and ecotourism Payment for ecosystem services water catchment Remittances. Fishery for artisanal fishers. Other inhabitants depend on tourism, petrochemical industry, port, industrial fishery, livestock industry, fruit and vegetables.

High level of poverty and marginalization Lack of formal jobs Some job opportunities in cities, construction, infrastructures. High level of poverty Lack of employment opportunities Migration. High level of economic development Low unemployment level Diversified job structure, with artisanal fishery representing a small sector.

Tropical forest with high biodiversity and water resources Good road connections in AMDA Buenaventura-Cali highway crosses the territory but many settlements in Calima only accessible by boat Depletion of forest by a paper factory in the s—s, now restored Armed conflict, paramilitaries and illegal activities. Temperate, mesophyll and tropical forests the territory ranges from to m. Important struggles to recuperate the use of forest Blocking of new initiatives and entrepreneurship Low provision of infrastructures and services at the two agencies. Important environmental and paleontological resources Strong urban influence Heterogeneous community in terms of natural resource use, power relations, conflicts Artisanal fishery considered as a non-efficient sector Disturbance of estuary ecological functions by economic activities Interferences in dune dynamics and coastal erosion by buildings.

Chapela Escalante et al. Stakeholder mapping using knowledge of territory and forests and biodiversity management, legitimacy, local inhabitants and leadership as criteria.

Stakeholder mapping using knowledge of territory and forest management, legitimacy, local inhabitants, and leadership as criteria. Stakeholder mapping using knowledge of territory and fishery management, legitimacy, local inhabitants and leadership as criteria. Collective rights recognised by Mexican Constitution Direct administration of the territory by local inhabitants recognized by state and federal laws. Marine and coastal resources are public property Fishing activities developed by private actors and regulated by government.

Partial, conflict between conservation Biodiversity Policy and economic development interests mining. Lack of alignment between artisanal fishers and government interests in industrial sectors. Paramilitaries and guerrilla Richness of natural resources attracts powerful actors. Collective property of lands and natural resources, but minerals are state property.

Collective ownership of lands and natural resources, but minerals are state property. Public ownership of natural resources but privately exploited following national rules. General Assembly Rural neighborhood committees Sector committees Community leaders elected by the Assembly. Fishers associations have assemblies and design representatives, but have limited decision-making power to influence resource regulation. Internal Regulation and Management Plans Access and use rights but no monitoring or sanctions Social sanctioning but not always rule compliance No rule compliance by external actors Youths and women encouraged to get involved.

NRM rules decided in the Assembly of Commoners Well-defined access, use, monitoring and enforcement rights Obligatory collective activities Social sanctioning Internal and external rule compliance Weak role of women and young. Government regulates access, monitoring and sanctioning rights Internal rules respected by fishers but not by external actors Rangers and police control fishery extraction Social sanctioning partially work among artisanal fishers but free-riding predominates in other collectives.

Conflicts solved with demonstrations, strikes and road cutting, creating large economic losses. High commitment Leaders and managers remunerated based on the funds attracted to the territory.

Strong and recognized leaders internally, but limited external influence High legitimacyNGOs and national agencies support in management tasks. Several fisher associations exist, weakening leadership and representation. Often, personal interests prevail over collective ones. Medium bonding and linking and low bridging social capital. Individualistic and opportunistic behavior Local community involvement historically discouraged. Rights of Afro-Colombian communities legally recognised, but no additional recognition.

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Closed community that does not foster external influences or external associations. Limited recognition of artisanal fishers but with a recent positive shift. Customary knowledge transmission in the Assembly and the collective works. Limited knowledge transmission fishing working conditions discourages younger generations. Moderate in each town but limited between neighboring towns Networks created when environmental problems arise.

Lack of communication strategies and interaction spaces Local TV environmental program, with large audience and legitimacy. Links with nature Pride and self-esteem in having recognized rights to manage the territory Empowerment and capacity building linked to decision-making. Community values and believes, intimately linked to nature Legitimacy and reputationbased on collective dutiesaccomplishment Water catchment PES. Water pollution Riverbanks and habitats destruction Glyphosate aerial spraying Illegal logging and hunting Reforestation schemes. Biodiversity, natural habitats and water protected by community rules Forests restoration Management system certified as Smart and Sustainable Wood under FSC international standards.

Changes in marine biodiversity Dunes affected by building activities Water pollution Dredging disturbs estuary New protection areas. Regional and local authorities monitor. Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: Municipal politics and forest governance: Decentralized governance and environmental change: A lack of institutional demand: Institutions and values in community-based forest management in southern Indiana CC Gibson, T Koontz Human ecology 26 4 , , Forests, people, and governance: Does privatization protect natural resources?

An interdisciplinary journal exploring linkages between society, environment and development. How to cite this article: How to cite this URL: International Conservation Policy Shifts.

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Lessons from the Case Studies. Emerging Lessons and Principles. Riascos De La Pena. Accessed on May 18, The community conserved landscape of the Borana Oromo, Ethiopia: Management of Environmental Quality 22 2: Governance as key for effective and equitable protected area systems. Recognising and supporting indigenous and community conservation: Indigenous and local communities and protected areas.

Towards equity and enhanced conservation. Biocultural diversity conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities: Traditional agricultural landscapes and community conserved areas: The protected landscape approach:

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