All American Back to School 2011-2012 Guide

---

I am an undergraduate student doing premedical studies and this is absolutely the BEST resource I have ever seen. If you're a premed student this book will be the Bible of your preparation and is a must have! If you are a premed student and are browsing through other books about preparing for med school do not waste your time or money on ANY of them. This book has everything you need to know and more, all in one place. It is organized and easy to read and navigate directly to what you want to know.

It not only has a profile of each med school but info on the application process, mcat, financial aid, joint degrees and much more. It will answer questions you didn't even think of. No matter what stage you are at whether applying to med school or considering a career in medicine this book will help you. I've only had it for a few days and I've learned so much. Definitely worth the money. This is a great resource. As a side note to future med applicants--this book, unfortunately, probably won't be as useful in In the meantime, I couldn't be happier with this book or this seller!

The information provided in this book is very general. For instance,how important is research experience, and non-academic activity in admission to each med school? How would each school consider the applicant's score of each subject on the MCAT? These are all informations that you cannot find in this book. There some other publications that are well-written and contain more useful infos. This book is great when you are working on your medical school applications. It really helps you decide what programs you like best and what are your chances of getting into certain schools.

I definitely recommend getting the latest version since the statistics change every year. But this book is a great deal considering the amount of information it provides you with. You can't find this stuff on the websites and if you could, it would take you weeks to gather everything you needed. This was my number one reference when I applied and it helped so much! If you are thinking about medical school this is a great book to have. It lists all the different MD schools and what they require, the stats from the school, community surroundings, school info and contact.

If you are thinking about a DO school, the information is available online. These are helpful stats to sort out medical schools. See all 66 reviews.

Most recent customer reviews. Published on February 4, Published on February 2, Published on January 6, Published on December 28, Published on July 19, Published on July 17, Published on December 17, Published on January 12, Published on December 27, Published on December 5, What other items do customers buy after viewing this item? Association of American Medical Colleges. There's a problem loading this menu right now. Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. View or edit your browsing history.

Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. Certain public universities sometimes referred to as Public Ivies are also recognized for their outstanding record in scholarship.

Access Denied

Some of these institutions currently place among the elite in certain measurements of graduate education and research, especially among engineering and medical schools. Each state in the United States maintains its own public university system, which is always non-profit. Most areas also have private institutions , which may be for-profit or non-profit. Unlike many other nations, there are no public universities at the national level outside of the military service academies. Prospective students applying to attend four of the five military academies require, with limited exceptions, nomination by a member of Congress.

Like acceptance to "top tier" universities, competition for these limited nominations is intense and must be accompanied by superior scholastic achievement and evidence of "leadership potential.

Aside from these aforementioned schools, academic reputations vary widely among the 'middle-tier' of American schools, and even among academic departments within each of these schools. Most public and private institutions fall into this 'middle' range. Some institutions feature honors colleges or other rigorous programs that challenge academically exceptional students, who might otherwise attend a 'top-tier' college.

Some apply to a relatively prestigious school with a low acceptance rate, gambling on the chance of acceptance but, as a backup, also apply to a safety school. Lower status institutions include community colleges. These are primarily two-year public institutions, which individual states usually require to accept all local residents who seek admission, and offer associate's degrees or vocational certificate programs. Many community colleges have relationships with four-year state universities and colleges or even private universities that enable their students to transfer to these universities for a four-year degree after completing a two-year program at the community college.

Regardless of perceived prestige, many institutions feature at least one distinguished academic department, and most post-secondary American students attend one of the 2, four-year colleges and universities or 1, two-year colleges not included among the twenty-five or so 'top-tier' institutions. Economics professor Alan Zagier blames credential inflation for the admission of so many unqualified students into college.

He reports that the number of new jobs requiring college degrees is less than the number of college graduates. In other words, it is not enough simply to spend more time in school; something has to be learned there. Still others accept both, and a few schools will not accept either, in which case students must seek out private alternatives for student loans. Grant funding is provided by the federal Pell Grant program. Major issues include assessment of proficiency versus growth, funding and legal protection of special education, and excessive student loan debt.

It has been alleged, since the s and especially in recent years, that American schooling is undergoing a crisis in which academic performance is behind other countries, such as Russia, Japan, or China, in core subjects. Congress passed the National Defense Education Act in in an attempt to rectify these problems, and a series of other legislative acts in later decades such as No Child Left Behind. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, however, American students of ranked 25th in math, 17th in science, and 14th in reading compared with students in 27 other countries.

Recent allegations take the perspective of employers who demand more vocational training. Voters in both major parties have been critical of the Common Core initiative. In a Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action in universities allowed educational institutions to consider race as a factor in admitting students, but ruled that strict point systems are unconstitutional. African American academics Henry Louis Gates and Lani Guinier , while favoring affirmative action, have argued that in practice, it has led to recent black immigrants and their children being greatly overrepresented at elite institutions, at the expense of the historic African American community made up of descendants of slaves.

The rise of the high school movement in the beginning of the 20th century was unique in the United States, such that, high schools were implemented with property-tax funded tuition, openness, non-exclusivity, and were decentralized. The academic curriculum was designed to provide the students with a terminal degree. The students obtained general knowledge such as mathematics, chemistry, English composition, etc. The provision of the high schools accelerated with the rise of the second industrial revolution.

The increase in white collar and skilled blue-collar work in manufacturing was reflected in the demand for high school education. In the 21st century, the educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts.

As a whole, the population of the United States is becoming increasingly more educated. Post-secondary education is valued very highly by American society and is one of the main determinants of class and status. Since the s the number of educated Americans has continued to grow, but at a slower rate. Some have attributed this to an increase in the foreign born portion of the workforce. However, the decreasing growth of the educational workforce has instead been primarily due to slowing down in educational attainment of people schooled in the United States.

The cause cannot be excessively demanding college courses, since grade inflation has made those courses increasingly easy in recent decades. According to research from within the past 20 years, girls generally outperform boys in the classroom on measures of grades across all subjects and graduation rates.

This is a turnaround from the early 20th century when boys usually outperformed girls. Boys have still been found to score higher on standardized tests than girls and go on to be better represented in the more prestigious, high-paying STEM fields. There is an ongoing debate over which gender is the most short-changed in the classroom. The racial achievement gap in the US refers to the educational disparities between Black and Hispanic students compared with Asian and Caucasian students.

African-American and Hispanic students are more likely to receive lower grades, score lower on standardized tests, drop out of high school, and are less likely to enter and complete college. One explanation is the disparity in income that exists between African Americans and Whites. This school of thought argues that the origin of this "wealth gap" is the slavery and racism that made it extremely difficult for African-Americans to accumulate wealth for almost years after slavery was abolished.

A comparable history of discrimination created a similar gap between Hispanics and Whites. This results in many minority children being born into low socioeconomic backgrounds, which in turn affects educational opportunities. Another explanation has to do with family structure. Professor Lino Graglia has suggested that Blacks and Hispanics are falling behind in education because they are increasingly raised in single-parent families. A third explanation which has been suggested, by, for example University of California, Berkeley Professor Arthur Jensen , in a controversial paper published in , is that there is an innate difference in intelligence between blacks and whites.

Other publications are critical of Jensen's methods and disagree with his conclusions. The idea that the difference in achievement is primarily genetic is controversial, [] and few members of the academic community accept these findings as fact. Other explanations offered for the racial achievement gap include: Most authors mention several such factors as influential on outcomes, both in the United States [] and worldwide. In the OECD 's Programme for International Student Assessment , which emphasizes problem solving, American year-olds ranked 24th of 38 in mathematics, 19th of 38 in science, 12th of 38 in reading, and 26th of 38 in problem solving.

Reading scores could not be reported due to printing errors in the instructions of the U. However, the picture changes when low achievers, Blacks and Hispanics, in the U. White and Asian students in the United States are generally among the best-performing pupils in the world; black and Hispanic students in the U. Black and Hispanic students in the US do out perform their counterparts in all African and Hispanic countries. US fourth and eighth graders tested above average on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study tests, which emphasizes traditional learning.

The United States is one of three OECD countries where the government spends more on schools in rich neighborhoods than in poor neighborhoods, with the others being Turkey and Israel. Poor education also carries on as students age. In the most recent survey done in , 33 nations took part with adults ages 16 to 65 in numeracy, literacy and problem-solving. Millennials in Spain and Italy scored lower than those in the U.

Current education trends in the United States represent multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities, income levels, and geography. In sum, McKinsey's report suggests, "These educational gaps impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession. Overall the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income and wealth.

Thus, while the population of the US is becoming increasingly educated on all levels, a direct link between income and educational attainment remains. In , Americans stood second only to Canada in the percentage of to year-olds holding at least two-year degrees. Among to year-olds, the country stands tenth. The nation stands 15 out of 29 rated nations for college completion rates, slightly above Mexico and Turkey. It involved lengthy interviews of over 26, adults statistically balanced for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, and location urban, suburban, or rural in 12 states across the U.

In addition to its economic impact, social science provides evidence that the level of educational attainment of a community also has quantifiable impacts on many aspects of well-being, including life expectancy, low birthweight rates, crime, and political engagement. A study found that students who were expelled were three times as likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system the following school year. The United States is one of the very few developed countries where corporal punishment is officially permitted and practiced in its public schools, although the practice has been banned in an increasing number of states beginning in the s.

The punishment virtually always consists of spanking the buttocks of a student with a paddle in a punishment known as " paddling. Mississippi, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, and Georgia. The National Center for Education Statistics reported statistics about public schools in the United States in During the —16 school year in the United States, the National Center for Education Statistics reported the following: Nine percent of schools reported that one or more students had threatened a physical attack with a weapon.

Ninety five percent of schools had given their students lockdown procedure drills, and ninety two percent had drilled them on evacuation procedures. Forty-two percent of schools had at least one school resource officer. For some schools, a police officer, titled a school resource officer , is on site to screen students for firearms and to help avoid disruptions.

The charter school movement began in and have spread rapidly in the United States, members, parents, teachers, and students to allow for the "expression of diverse teaching philosophies and cultural and social life styles. Curricula in the United States can vary widely from district to district. Different schools offer classes centering on different topics, and vary in quality. Some private schools even include religious classes as mandatory for attendance. This raises the question of government funding vouchers in states with anti-Catholic Blaine Amendments in their constitution. This in turn has produced camps of argument over the standardization of curricula and to what degree it should exist.

These same groups often are advocates of standardized testing, which is mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act. There is debate over which subjects should receive the most focus, with astronomy and geography among those cited as not being taught enough in schools. Schools in the 50 states, the District of Columbia , the U.

Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands , teach primarily in English, with the exception of specialized language immersion programs. In , , students in Puerto Rico were taught in Spanish , their native language. The Native American Cherokee Nation instigated a year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home.

Of those, about 1.

In the School Board of the state of Kansas caused controversy when it decided to eliminate teaching of evolution in its state assessment tests. On February 13, , the board rejected these amended science standards enacted in , overturning the mandate to teach Intelligent Design. Almost all students in the U. Many states have laws governing what is taught in sex education classes or allowing parents to opt out.

Some state laws leave curriculum decisions to individual school districts. For example, a study by the Guttmacher Institute found that most U. Other studied topics, such as methods of birth control and infection prevention, sexual orientation , sexual abuse , and factual and ethical information about abortion , varied more widely.

However, according to a survey, a majority of the parent groups polled wants complete sex education in the schools. The American people are heavily divided over the issue. The margin of error was plus or minus 4. According to The 74 , an American education news website, the United States uses two methods to teach sex education. Comprehensive sex education focuses on sexual risk reduction. This method focuses on the benefits of contraception and safe sex. The abstinence-emphasized curriculum focuses on sexual risk avoidance, discouraging activity that could become a "gateway" to sexual activities.

In some states, textbooks are selected for all students at the state level, and decisions made by larger states, such as California and Texas, that represent a considerable market for textbook publishers and can exert influence over the content of textbooks generally, thereby influencing the curriculum taught in public schools, []. In , the Texas Board of Education passed more than amendments to the curriculum standards, affecting history, sociology and economics courses to 'add balance' given that academia was 'skewed too far to the left'.

This effect is however reduced with modern publishing techniques which allow books to be tailored to individual states. As of January , the four largest college textbook publishers in the United States were: Davis Company , W. Culturally-responsive curriculum is a framework for teaching that acknowledges and the various cultural backgrounds of all students in the classroom to make learning more accessible, especially for students of color. The goal of culturally-responsive curriculum is to ensure equitable access to education for students from all cultures.

Culturally-responsive curriculum draws directly on the idea of a " hidden curriculum " or system of values that teachers impart on students in the classroom. Culturally-responsive curriculum attempts to break down the dominant cultural bias that often pervades curriculum and instruction. Similar to the anti-bias approach , culturally-responsive curriculum is intended to help students and teachers "recognize the connections between ethnicity, gender, religion, and social class, and power, privilege, prestige, and opportunity. A study by Howard in , documents student's responses to culturally-responsive curriculum and teaching strategies.

The study found that these methods had a positive effect on student engagement and effort in the classroom. These findings are consistent with the theoretical claims of culturally-responsive curriculum. Teachers can gain in-depth understandings of their students' individual needs by engaging with parents, learning about culturally-specific ways of communicating and learning, and allowing students to direct their learning and to collaborate on assignments that are both culturally and socially relevant to them.

Culturally-responsive curriculum is also implemented at the level of preservice teacher education. One study by Evans-Winters and Hoff found that preservice teachers do not necessarily recognize or acknowledge the intersections of race and other social factors in understanding and characterizing systems of oppression. Reality pedagogy is one model of culturally-responsive pedagogy that uses individual student backgrounds to adapt curriculum and instruction. Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education. Reality pedagogy is a form of culturally-responsive pedagogy that attempts to bridge community-based knowledge with classroom learning experiences.

The notion of gender-sensitive curriculum acknowledges the current reality of our bi-gender world and attempts to break down socialized learning outcomes that reinforce the notion that girls and boys are good at different things. Teacher attention to content is also extremely important. For example, when trying to hold boy's attention teachers will often use examples that reference classically male roles, perpetuating a gender bias in content. In addition to curriculum that recognizes that gender impacts all students and their learning, other gender-sensitive curriculum directly engages gender-diversity issues and topics.

Some curricular approaches include integrating gender through story problems, writing prompts, readings, art assignments, research projects and guest lectures that foster spaces for students to articulate their own understandings and beliefs about gender. They study found that LGBT students in inclusive school-settings were much less likely to feel unsafe because of their identities and more likely to perceive their peers as accepting and supportive.

Implementation of LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum involves both curriculum decisions and harnessing teachable moments in the classroom. One study by Snapp et al. Ability-inclusive curriculum is another curriculum model that adapts to the social, physical, and cultural needs of the students. Inclusion in the US education system refers to the approach to educating students with special needs in a mainstream classroom.

This model involves cultivating a strong relationship between teacher and student, and between non-special needs students and special needs students. Like the other models of culturally-inclusive curriculum, ability-inclusive curriculum often involves collaboration, parental-involvement, the creation of a safe and welcoming environment, returning agency to the students over their learning, and fostering open discussion about individual differences and strengths. Research generally demonstrates neutral or positive effects of inclusive education.

A study by Kreimeyer et al. However research on the social dynamics of inclusive classrooms suggest that special needs students might occupy a lower social standing that non-special needs students. Currently, the state and national governments share power over public education, with the states exercising most of the control. Except for Hawaii, states delegate power to county , city or township -level school boards that exercise control over a school district. Some school districts may further delegate significant authority to principals, such as those who have adopted the Portfolio strategy.

Education is not mentioned in the constitution of the United States , but the federal government uses the threat of decreased funding to enforce laws pertaining to education. Nonprofit private schools are widespread, are largely independent of the government, and include secular as well as parochial schools. Educational accreditation decisions for private schools are made by voluntary regional associations. Tracking is the practice of dividing students at the primary or secondary school level into classes on the basis of ability or achievement.

Navigation menu

One common use is to offer different curricula for students preparing for college and for those preparing for direct entry into technical schools or the workplace. The method of placing students in a specific grade based on birthday cut off dates has often been used with immigrant children. A study conducted on teacher expectation of Somali Bantu refugee students found that teachers can hold expectations for students to already know certain material when they enter their classroom, such as how to use a computer or how to behave in a classroom. A study focused on the impact of late arrivals for immigrant students found that, due to constant moving, students entering in the middle of the academic year encountered material they were not familiar with or ended up repeating material they had already learned.

There is still limited research that has been conducted in the United States on the effects of placing immigrant students in a specific grade based on birthday cut off dates. The purpose for these methods was to ensure that migrant students were better prepared to start school, but it did cause some issues for both the student and the teachers.

The study found that even though older students placed in first grade classrooms were more obedient, the students had trouble connecting with their classmates and teacher had to address them differently due to their age. Libraries have been considered important to educational goals. The average American borrowed more library books in than his or her peers in Germany, Austria, Norway, Ireland, Luxembourg, France and throughout the Mediterranean.

Teachers have been frustrated with lack of parent involvement in the learning process, particularly in the earlier grades. The Trump Administration proposed to combine the Department of Education with the Department of Labor as one of the federal government reforms. The supposed logic behind this move is that majority of Americans attend school hoping to land a job.

Therefore, it is not practical for the federal government to maintain separate departments for schools and employment. President Trump presumes the current economic power platform must have the backing of educational institutions. His administration presents its political philosophy in the report, Delivering Government Solutions in the 21st Century. On the other hand, the Department of Labor employs around 15, personnel. However, actual savings on expenditures with this planned fusion may not be too significant. This is not the first time such a combination was suggested.

During the administration of President Clinton, Republicans also proposed putting together these two departments with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under a single umbrella called the Department of Education and Employment. The proposal will establish these sub-agencies that will focus on K Education as well as research, assessment, administration, and enforcement.

Education in the United States - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Finance — Law — Literacy — Reform Levels: History of education in the United States. Primary education in the United States. Secondary education in the United States. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Homeschooling in the United States. Special education in the United States. Higher education in the United States. College tuition in the United States. Affirmative action in the United States. Educational attainment in the United States. Racial achievement gap in the United States , Race and intelligence , and African-American family structure. Charter schools in the United States. Sex education in the United States.

Education in the United States

United States portal Education portal. Retrieved December 4, Retrieved September 21, Bachelor Degree Rate Passes Milestone". The New York Times. Federal Education Budget Project. Retrieved May 21, Homeschooling Continues to Grow! Retrieved December 19, Archived from the original on October 22, Archived from the original on September 20, Retrieved January 16, Epps, and Nesha Z.

Haniff, College in Black and White: Serving students with healthcare needs. A vision for the future p. The Growing Protestant Fundamentalist Schools". The Phi Delta Kappan. Journal of Research on Christian Education. Ethnic and Racial Studies. An Education in Politics: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools. Archived from the original on October 2, Retrieved December 18, The Paradox of Consensus" in Zelizer, ed. Race to the Top, competitive grants and the Obama education agenda. Department of Education, Acces sed May 13, Retrieved 17 July How Do Americans Stack Up?

Network for Education Information: Retrieved August 13, Scheller College of Business. Retrieved June 25, Archived from the original on November 6, United States Census ". Archived from the original on October 15, Center for Education Reform. Archived from the original on September 11, Is the Dropout Problem Real?

Retrieved July 29, Center for American Progress. Archived from the original PDF on June 25, Retrieved February 24, Retrieved April 14, Archived from the original on April 14, No Child Left Behind: College Degrees, Zombies, and the Future of Education".

Four Years to Nowhere: College Degrees, Zombies, and the Future of Education. Teachers College at Columbia University. Retrieved 22 August So you start giving out A-minuses. Service Program for High School Students". National Home Education Research Institute. Archived June 5, , at the Wayback Machine. Space Coast Medicine and Healthy Living. Graduation Rates by State, Student Group". Retrieved July 17, United States Department of Education. Historical continuities and discontinuities in racial inequality in american education. Retrieved February 21, Archived from the original on October 12, Deep cuts to public school programs in pursuit of school choice".

What to Know and What to Expect". Education By the Numbers. Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved February 13, United States Census Bureau. US Department of Education. Retrieved March 2, Archived from the original on May 31, Linda January 1, Retrieved January 21, Arizona looks to Philippines to fill teacher shortage". Retrieved September 5, Hanushek and Alfred A. Lindseth, Schoolhouses, Courthouses, and Statehouses: Solving the funding-achievement puzzle in America's public schools Princeton, NJ: Retrieved September 13, Retrieved March 23, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis.

Check date values in: It is not assumed, however, that all doctorates or professional degrees have Master's degrees. Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees. Archived from the original on October 13, Retrieved January 13, Getting through college these days almost requires a degree in thrift".

Retrieved February 5, Archived from the original PDF on August 8, Archived from the original on June 3, College affordability about future. Burlington Free Press and other column subscribers. Census Bureau ". Retrieved April 24, Archived from the original on September 23, US News and World Report. The Center University of Florida. Archived from the original on October 31, Retrieved November 7, Retrieved June 18, Retrieved October 12, Colleges and Universities and Degrees Awarded, —".

Hanushek, Ludger Woessmann, Eliot A. Jamison and Dean T. Jamison, "Education and Economic Growth: Archived from the original on July 16, Retrieved October 6, Forms, Causes, and Consequences.

Customers who bought this item also bought

Retrieved February 22, Retrieved December 22, Retrieved July 31, The Race between Education and Technology. Retrieved 17 October National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 9 August While more students are enrolling in college today than ever, many are assigned to remedial courses that delay—and for some, ultimately prevent—their attainment of a college degree. Retrieved 12 July The Condition of Education. Retrieved 7 May Retrieved 7 July The Achievement Gap in U. Canaries in the Mine. Rowman and Littlefield Education.

Retrieved February 18, The mismeasure of man 1st ed. The global bell curve: Retrieved January 29, School Year —10" provisional data. Forty years ago, the US led the world in high school graduation rates; now it is 18th out of 24 industrial nations.

Customers who viewed this item also viewed

In , the US was tied for first in college graduation; it now is 14th. National Center for Educational Statistics. Retrieved December 11, Exploring the Impact of Education. World Corporal Punishment Research. Retrieved May 10, Sound Theory and Effective Practice. School Choice and School Governance: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from the original on October 8, Retrieved October 22, Geographic Education National Implementation Project. Retrieved October 21, Retrieved April 9, Archived from the original on April 7, Retrieved April 8, National Center for Science Education.

Archived from the original on March 28, CBS News Polls ". Anti-Evolution Guidelines Are Repealed". Archived from the original on April 11, Retrieved November 21, Policy and Politics" PDF. Archived from the original PDF on November 27, Retrieved May 23, See especially Table 3. Retrieved April 4, How a group of Texas conservatives is rewriting your kids' textbooks. Archived from the original on September 6, Healing Needs to Start Early.

Young Children , 71 2 , 44— The aesthetics of white racism in pre-service teacher education: Race, Ethnicity and Education, 14 4 , pp. Australian Journal of Teacher Education. Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. And the Rest of Y'all Too: How schools shortchange girls. Nursing Standard , 31 23 , 22— Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , 2. Reading Teacher , 62 7 , — Education and Urban Society: Thailand's Education Policy for Children of Migrants". International Journal of Multicultural Education.

Retrieved July 13, Retrieved January 25,

• Nationalism and National Integration
• The Christmas Promise: A Novel
• MasterMind Memory Technique
• You Are Enough: Always Have Been... Always Will Be: Always Have Been - Always Will Be
• Foxfire 11
• Cookie Craft Christmas: Dozens of Decorating Ideas for a Sweet Holiday