Twelve Days of the Infanta Margarita: A work for a small choral group

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However, Spanish procrastination led to a scheme in which Frances prime minister, Cardinal Mazarin, pretended to seek a marriage for his master with Margaret Yolande of Savoy. Philip then sent an envoy to the French court to open negotiations for peace. The negotiations for the contract were intense. This was eventually done but, by the skill of Mazarin and his French diplomats, the renunciation and its validity were made conditional upon the payment of a large dowry. As it turned out, Spain, impoverished and bankrupt after decades of war, was unable to pay such a dowry, a marriage by proxy to the French king was held in Fuenterrabia.

After the wedding, Louis wanted to consummate the marriage as quickly as possible, the new queens mother-in-law arranged a private consummation instead of the public one that was the custom.

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On 26 August , the made the traditional Joyous Entry into Paris. Maria Theresa was very fortunate to have found a friend at court in her mother-in-law and she continued to spend much of her free time playing cards and gambling, as she had no interest in politics or literature. Consequently, she was viewed as not fully playing the part of queen designated to her by her marriage, but more importantly, she became pregnant in early , and a long-awaited son was born on 1 November After Balthasar Charless early demise, Philip was left with his daughter Maria Theresa as heir presumptive, in early , astrologers assured Philip that another child was to be born to him and it would be a boy who would live.

A strict and devout Roman Catholic, Philip ate nothing but eggs on the first day of the Vigil of the Presentation of the Virgin, in hopes of his wife delivering a male child. Indeed, at 11,30 in the morning on November 28 of the same year and she soon fell sick of the birthing fever, but nobody seemed to mind, they were all rejoicing upon the birth of a male heir. Barrionuevo, a chronicler of the time, wrote of this rejoicing, Following Roman Catholic custom, astrologers predicted nothing but greatness for his future, while Philip was still unsure that he had not thanked God enough for this immense joy.

On December 6,, Philip rode into the streets of Madrid. The baptism took place one week later on December The christening cost Philip , ducats, however, due to generations of inbreeding, Philip Prospero was severely epileptic. The inbreeding was so widespread in his case all of his eight great-grandparents were descendants of Joanna of Castile. The outcome of the negotiations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees, the first portrait of Philip Prospero to come down to us was painted by Velazquez in , the year Philip felt he could safely agree to the terms of the treaty with France. This portrait and one of Margaret Theresa were made that year for the Emperor Leopold I, their mothers brother, in the painting the prince appears to be around three years old.

He stands before a black background, the blackness of which is repeated in his eyes. His wrist limply rests over the back of a chair in which lies an equally limp. In Velazquezs honest depiction the babys eyes have a faint gray-blue-brown hollowness around them and his luminous face and hands and his white muslin smock are accented by the warm red of his gown and are a brightness against the subdued, somber background colors.

By contrast nearly thirty years earlier Velazquez painted a robust Balthasar Charles at age two or three staff, sword, exuberant sash and plumed hat. His realm included Southern Netherlands, Italian territories, several cities in north Africa and Spains overseas empire, known as the Bewitched, he is noted for his extensive physical, intellectual, and emotional disabilities and his consequent ineffectual rule. He died in , childless and heirless, with all potential Habsburg successors having predeceased him, in his will, Charles named as his successor the almost year-old Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of Charles half-sister Maria Theresa of Spain, the first wife of Louis XIV.

As the only surviving heir of his fathers two marriages, Charles was named Prince of Asturias, the title given to the person first in line to the Spanish throne. The Spanish branch of the Habsburg royal family was noted for extreme consanguinity, well aware that they owed their power to fortunate marriages, they married between themselves to protect their gains. Philip and Mariana were actually uncle and niece, therefore, Charles was not only their son, Charles was physically and mentally disabled and infertile, possibly due to this massive inbreeding.

Due to the deaths of his brothers, he was the last member of the male Spanish Habsburg line. Charles did not learn to speak until the age of four nor to walk until eight and his jaw was so badly deformed that he could barely speak or chew.

Margaret Theresa of Spain - WikiVisually

Fearing the frail child would be overtaxed, his caretakers did not force Charles to attend school, the indolence of the young Charles was indulged to such an extent that at times he was not expected to be clean. The only vigorous activity in which Charles is known to have participated was shooting and he occasionally indulged in the sport in the preserves of El Escorial.

The years of Charless reign were difficult for Spain, the economy was stagnant, there was hunger in the land, and the power of the monarchy over the various Spanish provinces was extremely weak. Charles was three years old when his father, Philip IV, died on 17 September , the Council of Castile appointed Philips second wife and Charles mother, Mariana of Austria, regent for the minor king.

Charles inherited the Portuguese Restoration War and soon after his accession Spain was plunged into the War of Devolution with France in Spanish Netherlands, as regent, Mariana managed the countrys affairs through a series of favourites, whose merits usually amounted to no more than meeting her fancy. From then on he was the de facto prime minister or valido of Spain, the sheer size of the kingdom at that time made this kind of government increasingly damaging to the realms affairs.

Spanish language — Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks.

Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula.

It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin.

Eric Winter (illustrator)

Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some million. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home.

Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English.

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One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world.

Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language — the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about , standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation.

Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the midth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality.

Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between and , in , grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In , the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form.

Queen consort of Hungary — This is a list of the queens consorts of Hungary, the consorts of the kings of Hungary. After the extinction of the dynasty and later the Angevin dynasty. Since Leopold I, all kings of Hungary used the title of Apostolic King of Hungary — the title given to Saint Stephen I by the Pope —, the title lasted just a little over nine centuries, from to He was succeeded in Poland by his younger brother Casimir IV Jagiellon in after a three-year interregnum, in Hungary, he was succeeded by his former rival, the child Ladislaus the Posthumous. Ladislaus the Posthumous died suddenly in Prague on 23 November while preparing for his marriage to Magdalena of Valois and he and Magdalena, therefore, never married.

Its complex and enigmatic composition raises questions about reality and illusion, because of these complexities, Las Meninas has been one of the most widely analyzed works in Western painting. Some look out of the canvas towards the viewer, while others interact among themselves, the young Infanta Margaret Theresa is surrounded by her entourage of maids of honour, chaperone, bodyguard, two dwarfs and a dog. In the background there is a mirror that reflects the upper bodies of the king, Las Meninas has long been recognised as one of the most important paintings in Western art history.

In 17th-century Spain, painters rarely enjoyed high social status, Painting was regarded as a craft, not an art such as poetry or music. During the remaining eight years of his life, he painted only a few works, when he painted Las Meninas, he had been with the royal household for 33 years. Philip IVs first wife, Elizabeth of France, died in , lacking an heir, Philip married Mariana of Austria in , and Margaret Theresa was their first child, and their only one at the time of the painting.

Although constrained by rigid etiquette, the king seems to have had an unusually close relationship with the painter. He seems to have given an unusual degree of freedom in the role. He supervised the decoration and interior design of the holding the most valued paintings, adding mirrors. Much of the collection of the Prado today—including works by Titian, Raphael, the painting was referred to in the earliest inventories as La Familia.

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Books by Eric Winter

Margaret Theresa of Spain Margaret Theresa, around Ancestors of Margaret Theresa of Spain Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor [42] 8. Philip II of Spain [42] Isabella of Portugal [42] 4. Philip III of Spain [40] Maria of Austria [43] 2. Philip IV of Spain [40] Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor [44] Anne of Bohemia and Hungary [44] 5. Margaret of Austria [40] Albert V, Duke of Bavaria [45] Margaret Theresa of Austria William V, Duke of Bavaria [45] Renata of Lorraine [45] 3.

Mariana of Austria [41] Maria Anna of Austria [41] Referred to as the Wittelsbach Diamond , it was given by her father king Philip IV of Spain as part of the dowry when she married Leopold I of Austria at the age of Christie's sold the nearly carat 7. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe 2nd ed. Little, Brown and Company.

Margarita Teresa en el Hofburg in: Libreria de Fernando Fe , pp. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Big blue diamond goes on display in London [retrieved 28 October ]. Coleccion de los tratados de paz, alianza, neutralidad, garantia El Testamento de Felipe IV: Silex Ediciones , pp. Entre "majestas" y "modestas": For more information about the celebrations see: Emperatriz de Alemania, D.

The marriage of Leopold I and Margarita of Spain in: Picasso — The Art of Leningrad , pp. Literature and Art in the system of culture , B. Moscow Science , pp. Poetry and poems , D.

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Tevekelyan DV Moscow , pp. Generations indicate descent from Carlos I , under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Austrian archduchesses by birth.

Archduchess Helena Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria. Margaret, Duchess of Savoy. Descent of Charles I: Raymond van der Meide Archduchess Maria, Mrs. Jaime Corcuerra Archduchess Viridis, Mrs. Archduchess Marie Bernadette, Mrs.

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Austrian archduchesses by marriage. Retrieved from " https: Alfonso never visited Germany, held no authority there, and relinquished his claims in , List of Holy Roman Empresses List of German monarchs 3. King Henry III of Castile instigated the construction of different towers which changed the look of the building, giving it a more palatial feel 4. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth 6. The lower section of this wing once accommodated the imperial kitchen, although not physically connected to the rest of the complex, the imperial mews of the Hofburg were originally built as a residence for the then crown prince Maximilian II 7.

In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north 8. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province 9. Ornamentation ranges from simple to elaborate, until far in the 18th century, the most common material for a sarcophagus here was a bronze-like alloy of tin, coated with shellac To conciliate France, which had influence in German affairs thanks to the League of the Rhine Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March , with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic By the second half of the 13th century, count Rudolph IV had become one of the most influential territorial lords in the area between the Vosges Mountains and Lake Constance Philip himself argued that it was appropriate for the king himself to go house to house amongst his ministers to see if his instructions were being carried out But that same year, Mariana gave birth to her last child, Charles was born physically and mentally disabled Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services The Protestant Reformation had begun in Germany in , the German Peasants War broke out in Germany in and ravaged the country until it was brutally put down in , Charles, even as far away from Germany as he was, was committed to keeping order By contrast nearly thirty years earlier Velazquez painted a robust Balthasar Charles at age two or three staff, sword, exuberant sash and plumed hat In , the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form The west facade left is from a much older structure, possibly the earliest Muslim castle which formed the basis for the different extensions later undertaken.

The image is dated at around , before the extension commissioned by Charles V in - the first important work to the building. It is likely that this was the appearance of the Muslim castle, whose structure was the basis of the royal palace developed by the emperor. Part of the drawing by Antoon Van Den Wijngaerde, in which the building can be seen as it was a year after Philip II chose Madrid as the site of his court.

Anonymous drawing of the building c. Celtic castro in Galicia. Toledo , capital of the Visigothic Kingdom. Reccared I and bishops. Council III of Toledo , Codex Vigilanus , fol. The Hofburg is the former imperial palace in the centre of Vienna, Austria. Hofburg Neue Burg section, seen from Heldenplatz.

The statue of Archduke Charles is also pictured. Reconstructive drawing of the appearance of the castle until the 16th century. The Swiss Gate Schweizertor , original main gate. Vienna listen ; German: Vienna from Belvedere by Bernardo Bellotto , Austria listen ; German: Modern Austria honours this document, dated , as the founding of the nation.

Venus of Willendorf , 28, to 25, BC. Museum of Natural History Vienna. The Congress of Vienna met in — The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic Wars , and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. The Imperial Crypt German: An ornament of the sarcophagus of Emperor Charles VI: Sarcophagus of Emperor Leopold I. Sarcophagus of Emperor Charles VI. Leopold I name in full: Portrait by Benjamin von Block , Seal of Leopold I.

Leopold I, painted by Guido Cagnacci Leopold I column in Trieste. The House of Habsburg German pronunciation: Growth of the Habsburg Empire in Central Europe. Spanish branch's family tree with connections to Emperors' branch. Philip IV of Spain Spanish: Maria Anna and her older brother, Ferdinand , by Frans Luycx , c. Principe baltasar carlos caballo Velazquez lou. Maria Theresa of Spain Spanish: Portrait by Jean Nocret. Her hairstyle and dress with wide panniers were popular in Spain. Two queens of France: Anne of Austria with her niece and daughter-in-law, Maria Theresa, and the latter's son Louis.

He is perhaps best known for his contribution to some of the more popular Ladybird books, including such titles as Cinderella , Jack and the Beanstalk , Rapunzel and The Princess and the Pea. He was educated at Latymer School, where he first became interested in art. He later studied at Hornsey Art School where he specialized in commercial and fine art and charcoal.

He painted in both water colors and oils, but preferred the use of water colors. In order to provide for his family Eric took up commercial art and in the s he was commissioned by Abbey National Building Society to design their logo, which became their famous trademark of two people sheltering under the roof of a house. His design was accepted and for many years became the 'face' of the Abbey National. The inspiration for this logo was a house opposite his studio in Broxbourne which unusually had a four-sided roof. Saturday 14 th January , 9: This morning, Miguel Zugaza informed the Permanent Committee of the Royal Board of Trustees of his decision to conclude his term next year as director of the Museo del Prado after fifteen years in the position.

He also announced his intention to reassume the post of director of the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum on the retirement of its present director. The Minister of Education, Culture and Sport has personally thanked Miguel Zugaza for the services he has rendered the Museum over so many years and has asked him to continue to be involved in its bicentenary project through the Committee for the 2 nd centenary of the Museo Nacional del Prado in Both institutions have agreed to stay in contact in order to facilitate the transition of directorship of the respective museums.

As established in its statutes, it will initiate the selection procedure prior to the proposal of a new appointment to the Council of Ministers. Mr Zugaza will remain in his position with all the powers authorised by it until a new director is appointed. Master Mateo and his work for the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela.

RSVP to Alice colnaghi. In this respect, more than , visitors have already enjoyed the exhibition. The show will therefore remain open until 25 September, featuring special opening hours: In order to facilitate the purchase of tickets and avoid queues as time passes are required, we recommend that visitors purchase their tickets in advance by selecting the date and time of entry.

These passes are available at both the ticket office and via the Internet:

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