Planning Support Systems in Practice (Advances in Spatial Science)

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When operating, each set of evaluation indexes should be selected with regard to the prescribed content in accordance with each force. Its basic idea is that with classification of various functional GIS models into different types of control, each control completes its corresponding function, while between either GIS or non-GIS controls, the integration can be realized through visible software development tools [ 25 ].

Such secondary component development mode provides new tools for the application of the new GIS generation with various features and benefits, including integrated flexibility, low cost, development convenience, utility convenience, easy generalization, interface visualization, etc. Specifically, on the Visual Studio. It includes a database system, model base system and a human-computer interactive system Figure 5.

The database system is responsible for the construction and maintenance of database, and data retrieval, query, and statistics. It also stores various planning data including spatial data vector data and raster data and attribute data. The model base system is the key element which differs PSS from the general information system.

It covers planning decision models and methods. The decision methods include index construction, index weight, comprehensive index, etc. In this system, decision-making method is realized by the GIS spatial analysis technology.

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The human-computer interaction system is composed of user and human-computer interaction interface. Its features lie in providing a variety of display and conversational modes, input and output conversional function, human-computer interaction under program control, and human-computer unification using various system components. As is the same with other software, RMFA-PSS also needs a human-computer interface to carry out interactive dialogues and operation between human and computer. In order to realize each function, it is performed under certain logic. Figure 6 shows the RMFA-PSS user interface, including menu bar, toolbar, layer information bar, map navigation window, map display window, status bar, etc.

According to the properties, these nodes can be classified into five major functional modules including data management module, data pre-processing module, the construction and process of planning index module, planning module, and planning management module. These five functional modules support and connect with each other with high efficiency in planning data processing, thereby constituting an organic unified entity on the whole. Figure 7 is a diagram of the functional modules in the system. It integrates the complex planning decision model solutions with classical GIS spatial analysis technology and modern decision technology organically.

Thus, the planning decision process becomes simple, accurate, flexible, and efficient.

The system can complete all the operations from beginning of date input to result output. If the index system, value, weight, and overlay rule are consistent with one another accordingly, the planning results can be reproducible and testable. Furthermore, this system can be used for not only RMFA planning, but also for all kinds of similar functional area planning as long as it is relevant to spatial data processing and spatial analysis either partially or wholly, such as ecological functional area planning, environmental functional area planning, and urban functional area planning.

Meanwhile, if the corresponding functional area planning models and methods can be integrated into the system, the corresponding planning decision tasks will be completed as well. This feature illustrates the openness and commonality in system development, serving as reference for other types of PSS development.

The area includes Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang, covering 35, km 2. As the economic center of the Beijing—Tianjin—Hebei area and one of the three metropolitan areas in China, the sample area is industry-intensive and densely populated, which has become a hot research spot.

The data mainly focuses on the Beijing—Tianjin region, including the Landsat-7 ETM image of the study area shot on May with a spatial resolution of 30 m, topographic maps, land use maps, relevant economic and social statistical data, etc. The land use data of the Beijing—Tianjin area in was interpreted by correcting, combining, stitching, cutting, and other processing based on the remote sensing images referring to 1: Index data is the input of PSS. Firstly, the index choice must meet the interests and needs of administrative management, that is, administrative efficiency can be reflected in the selected indexes.

In the index system, the carrying capacity represents the supply capacity of regional resources and energy, and the potential represents the regional economic and social development level. The greater the sum of these two types of index values, the more natural resources and human capital will be invested in the regional spatial development. Thus, it will be more favorable for the regional spatial development, which can play a positive role in promoting regional spatial development.

Sketching and learning: A planning support system field study

Pressure represents load brought by the existing regional space development against the regional environment, and ecological resistance represents the suitability degree of the regional natural ecological environment on spatial development. The greater the sum of these two types of index values, the higher is the cost that needs to be paid in order to overcome various obstacles to the spatial development which is brought by the natural environment.

Therefore, it will be not conducive to the regional spatial development and play a negative role in the regional spatial development. Firstly, the designed planning index system in Table 2 needs to be converted into an electronic index system in a readable XML format. The interface after operation is shown in Figure 8. The electronic index system building aims to provide a template for comprehensive overlay analysis. That is to say, corresponding index data loaded in the system view can be chosen according to the name of each index. According to formulas 3 and 4 of the RMFA planning decision model, the four forces were calculated respectively.

The resolution set is 30 m in order to be consistent with the resolution of ETM images of the study area. According to Figure 2 , the system integrates three kinds of index weight calculation methods: The ranking method and AHP method are common index weight calculation methods, while the user-defined method acts as an interface, allowing users to input the value of the index weight which is calculated by other methods. This reflects the flexibility in system development.

Firstly, load the four index data concerning resource abundance into the current view in the system, and use the AHP method to calculate the weights of the four indexes. In this way, the rasterized data layer in the IMG format of the resource abundance index is acquired. Following a similar procedure, the rasterized data layer in IMG format of the environmental capacity index can be also calculated. Finally, the rasterized data layer in the IMG format of the resource-environmental carrying capacity is calculated by synthesizing and analyzing the resource abundance index and environmental capacity index.

The system, in turn, facilitates the calculation of the economic-social development potential, environmental stress, and ecological resistance in the Beijing—Tianjin area, and then the rasterized data layer in the IMG format of the corresponding acting force can be completed.

According to the characteristics of RMFA, there are two kinds of scenario planning modes namely restrictive development mode with protection playing the predominant role and development playing the auxiliary role and promotive development mode with protection playing the auxiliary role and development playing the predominant role. Restrictive development mode aims to protect the ecological environment effectively during spatial development, while the promotive development mode aims to promote spatial development during rapid urbanization. As for a specific area, adopting restrictive mode or promotive mode should be determined according to the different development environments.

When one mode is mainly used, the other mode becomes an alternative. For example, when the restrictive mode is mainly used, the planning scheme under restrictive mode must be preferred as the main decision-making result and will play a predominant role in spatial development, while the planning scheme under promotive mode will become the alternative and play an auxiliary role, and vice versa. First of all, the AHP method function of the system is utilized to calculate the weights of the four fundamental forces under the two scenarios Table 3. In the restrictive development mode, the ecological protection is defined as the main task, and therefore the weight of ecological resistance is the maximum.

While in the promotive development mode, the economic and social development is the most important factor influencing decision-making, and therefore the weight of economic-social potential is the maximum. Secondly, overlay and synthesize the resource-environmental carrying capacity and economic-social potential in order to get the total potential; then overlay and synthesize the environmental stress and ecological resistance in order to get the total resistance. In this way, IPI values are evaluated.

The point 0 is fixed, while the cut-off point of point A and B is their median value. A, B, and 0. The result will be displayed in the system view. In general, the entire Beijing—Tianjin area can be divided into four functional zones in the restrictive scenario planning scheme. From north to south, in turn, they are the ecological protection zone along the Yanshan Mountains, Beijing and its suburban development zone, Beijing—Tianjin ecologically limited zone, and the south development zone constituted by Tianjin and its suburban areas, Langfang, Bazhou, and Wenan.

Statistics Table 4 show that compared with the predominant protection planning scheme, in the predominant development planning scheme, prohibited development zones account for The results show, according to different development scenario analyses, better planning decisions for the Beijing—Tianjin main functional areas with multi-objectives and multi-situational constraints which can be realized by setting up the relevant weights of the four fundamental forces in the planning model.

Planning Support Systems in Practice - Stan Geertman, John Stillwell - Google Книги

RMFA-PSS is utilized to give two different planning schemes by changing the weights of the four forces to change the decision making rules. According to the above analysis for PSS, it can clearly be seen that PSS does not choose the best solution among all, the final choice of scheme and the subsequent planning strategies of the study area should be carried out by the planners. Firstly, the actual development environment of the Beijing—Tianjin area is analyzed. As one of the key development areas at national level, in building an international metropolis region of strategic context, driven by Beijing and Tianjin, both cities at the national-center level, the urbanization and the rapid development of the Beijing—Tianjin area is inevitable.

Therefore, the main functional area planning scheme under the two different scenarios in the guide, in this promotive development mode with protection playing the auxiliary role and development playing the predominant role is more consistent with the actual situation in the Beijing—Tianjin area, which is more in line with the requirements of future development strategy in Beijing and Tianjin.

This should be the primary and preferable option, and restrictive mode should be the alternative option. Secondly, in full consideration of the natural environment constraints and limitations in the Beijing—Tianjin area in the future, the main goal of the spatial development in the Beijing—Tianjin area is to achieve rapid economic and social development, as well as the orderly expansion of the urbanized area.

The strategic direction of spatial development is as follows; first, Beijing extends to Baoding City which is located in the southwest; second, it develops to the south along the Beijing City—Tianjin City—Tanggu City axis; third, it expands to Langfang City in the east. At the same time, Tianjin City should extend to the northern and western areas. Beijing and Tianjin will be expanding themselves into two international central cities in China. This paper introduces advanced PSS to the field of regional spatial functional zoning by explaining the basic concept, characteristics, and principles of PSS.

The research can provide references for development and application of PSS for other types of spatial functional zoning. Specifically, on the Visual Basic. NET visualization development platform, the planning decision model, planning decision method, and GIS are organically integrated and customized by using the ArcGIS Engine as the component-type secondary development technology and VB. NET as the development language. That is to say, the system is preferably applicable. It integrates the planning decision model and the planning decision method, and could in turn provide better decision support for the regional main functional areas of planning in utility and flexibility.

This study showed that: Secondly, the planning decision rule is the premise and basis of PSS, PSS is essentially a multi-scheme comparison technology platform based on different decision rules. Thirdly, during the application of RFMA-PSS in the Beijing—Tianjin area, the decision rules design for planning, embodied in the index weights, change, by changing the weights of the forces to obtain the planning schemes under the two scenarios, and then bring forward the future development strategy according to the final planning scheme.

Although, in this paper, RMFA-PSS system was established under the integrated idea of the decision model, decision method, and GIS, it actually integrated only a part of the GIS function concerning data processing and spatial analysis. For example, there are still some basic data processing functions, which need support from the traditional commercial GIS software and other software. Therefore, it is necessary to keep up the in-depth study in system designing. However, as a secondary development support system, its main purpose is to solve the problems in regional main functional areas planning.

If these goals are reached, then the system would be considered to have achieved the expected development target. Additionally, the existing shortcomings can provide motivation and theoretical foundation for further advancement and upgrade of the RMFA-PSS. Xiaorui Zhang conceived and designed the research; Xiaorui Zhang and Qian Hua analyzed the data and wrote the paper; Qian Hua performed the data collection; Linya Zhang analyzed some data and checked the language of the manuscript. The source and basic structure of the planning support system PSS. The order of division of major functional areas in accordance with IPI.

The process of the RMFA planning decision method. Result of restrictive development mode. Result of promotive development mode. The index system of the main functional areas planning in the Beijing—Tianjin area. The weights of four forces under the two planning scenarios. The area and proportion of each functional area in the Beijing—Tianjin area under two scenarios. Spatial data and non-spatial data.

Spatial model based, supplemented by non-spatial model. Graphics, images, tables, etc. Per capita water resources. Per capita cultivated area.

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