Feeding Concentrates: Supplements for Dairy Cows

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The animals were mechanically milked twice daily at 6 a. In the last four days of each experimental period, the milk production was evaluated. The milk production was corrected to 3. Measurements of the body condition score BCS were conducted on the last day of the period of data collection by two observers, using a biological scale from 1 to 5, with subunits of 0.

The score was evaluated by visual and tactile palpation of the animal. The score was attributed to the animals according to the amount of reserve tissue, especially muscle and fat in certain areas of the body that are associated with the following anatomic landmarks: Animals' weights were measured on the last day of the data collection period, using a weighting tape for dairy breeds of cattle.

The calculation of the feed conversion was done by the division of the intake daily values of each nutritional fraction for each period for milk production. The supplementation costs were calculated considering the price of each ingredient at the market in Feira de Santana, Bahia, during the first half of The cost evaluation of the lipid supplementation was performed by adding the cost of the ingredients of each treatment multiplied by the consumption of each of the diet components on natural matter. The cost of the concentrates was obtained by multiplying the percentage of each ingredient by its cost.

The gross margin from the milk sale was calculated by deducting the cost of the supplementation during this period from the price paid for the milk produced during the experiment. In the analysis of the food costs, statistical comparisons were not used because they referred to the total group of animals.

It is likely that a higher intake of the concentrate provided an increased production of propionic acid, which is a precursor of glucose and may, in turn, be related to the synthesis of lactose, which is responsible for the increase in the volume of milk produced. The milk yield corrected to 3. However, contradictory results are found in the literature regarding lipid supplementation, from reports of no improvement in milk production Whitlock et al. The optimal conversion of the feed dry matter can be described as a result of the increase in the dry matter digestibility of the diet of the animals after the addition of licuri oil in the concentrate.

This increase in the dry matter digestibility was mainly due to a higher intake of the concentrate, a situation that provided the highest daily production of milk and, therefore, a better feed conversion of the dry matter.

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This may have occurred due to an efficient action of the rumen microorganisms to minimize the action of lauric acid, which prevented the inhibitory effect of the ether extract on the digestibility of the crude protein, thus, positive effects on the development of the rumen microflora and protein digestibility were observed, resulting in an improved protein metabolism and a better feed conversion. The increase in milk production and improved feed conversion of the crude protein provided with the licuri oil, as compared with other oils more commonly used for lactating cows soybean and corn , may be considered positive for animal production.

However, different results were reported by Santos et al. These results may be related to the changes in the forage-to-concentrate ratio with the increased intake of the concentrate and stimulated by the oil levels in the supplements, as it provided a better dry matter digestibility. Consequently, the possible change in the acetate-to-propionate ratio, with a possible greater production of propionic acid would, thus, increase the milk production and reduce the total consumption of the neutral detergent fiber.

It was observed that the net energy used for both maintenance and milk production did not vary with the addition of the licuri oil; therefore, the use of a metabolizable energy in the form of fatty acids builds animal fat and strengthens the reserves of the animal. It can be inferred that the metabolic fate of the available energy would lead to the maintenance of the body condition score and that licuri oil can result in amore rapid return to estrus and a shortening of the days to the first estrus postpartum.

The general change in animal weight, which was -1 to 8 kg during the experiment, can be an indication that all of the animals were in a condition of positive energy balance during the experiment; thus, the main goal was met, with an increased energy density of the rations when lipid supplementation was used. This supplementation on pasture had a positive effect on the milk production, body score and the digestibility of nutrients, as has also been reported by Padre et al. Despite the fact that the cost of each ration was raised by the addition of the oil, under the local conditions of the region that produces licuri, such diet may be an attractive alternative for lactating cows.

However, the gross margin was lower for each of the diets with 4.

The oil extraction is usually performed by associations of producers in this region; thus, positive reports on its use may promote its competitiveness with other oils on the market such as soybean oil that are not typical of the semiarid region. According to Benedetti , a program of milk production on pasture should allow dairy farmers to use, with maximum efficiency, the available resources of the farm. In addition, the cheapest feed it can produce to offer the dairy herd is intensively managed grazing land, whose cost is 2.

Supplementation of grazing dairy cattle is a technology that allows the correction of unbalanced diets and the improvement of milk production. Despite the effect of grazing by concentrate replacement, an increase in the level of production per animal unit was found with the diet consisting of Tanzania grass and a concentrate containing licuri oil; Therefore, this the meet met the nutritional requirements of the animals and has positive effects on animal performance. Whole cottonseeds or a combination of soybean and soybeans hulls in the diets of lactating dairy cows.

Journal of Dairy Science , v. Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementation on milk conjugated linoleic acid content for grazing dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology , v.

Effects of feeding licury Syagruscoronate caketo growing goats. Asian-Australian Journal Animal Science , v. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , v. Levels of licuryoil ["Syagruscoronata" Martius Beccari] in crossbred Boerkids diet.

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Details of commonly fed supplements including MJ ME, wastage and other considerations. ME is dependent on the weighted ME of the ingredients.

Technical Information

Where the meal contains mineral-based compounds, e. Need to introduce slowly and feed so individual cows can't gorge. Can get intakes of up to 3kgDM per cow per feed. Needs to be available to cows when grazing to encourage intake when first introduced. Cows need water all day at high intakes. No major animal health risks. At high intakes review copper supplementation refer Farmfact Palm kernel extract - Suitable feed for dry cows, or if no long-chop feed available for milkers to reduce risk of acidosis. Cost varies depending on size of bale, wastage and ME.

At high intakes require supplementation with Ca, Mg and Na. Maybe required in diet to meet fibre requirements, esp. As kiwifruit is high in soluble sugars there is a high risk of acidosis when fed to excess. There is also a risk of animals choking especially when fruit is hard.

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