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Retrieved 4 October Retrieved 28 April Retrieved 8 April Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany, National media in the former Eastern Bloc. Retrieved from " https: It was also decided that a "Committee on Dismemberment of Germany" was to be set up. The purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into several nations, and if so, what borders and inter-relationships the new German states were to have.
Economic demilitarization however especially the stripping of industrial equipment was the responsibility of each zone individually. The city of Berlin was placed under the control of the four powers. The German territory east of the Oder-Neisse line , equal in size to the Soviet occupation zone, was handed over to Poland and the Soviet Union for de facto annexation.
This territory transfer was seen as a compensation for Nazi German military occupation of Poland and parts of the Soviet Union. The millions of Germans still remaining in these areas under the Potsdam Agreement were over a period of several years expelled and replaced by Polish settlers see Expulsion of Germans after World War II. Russian soldiers systematically humiliated the Germans in by raping large numbers of women, many of them repeatedly. Soviets raped an estimated two million women and girls in East Germany alone immediately after occupation. Each occupation power assumed rule in its zone by June The powers originally pursued a common German policy, focused on denazification and demilitarization in preparation for the restoration of a democratic German nation-state.
Over time, however, the western zones and the Soviet zone drifted apart economically, not least because of the Soviets' much greater use of disassembly of German industry under its control as a form of reparations. Reparations were officially agreed among the Allies from 2 August , with 'removals' prior to this date not included. According to Soviet Foreign Ministry data, Soviet troops, organised in specialised "trophy" battalions, removed 1.
By the end of the US had dismantled or destroyed all war-related manufacturing capability in its occupation zone. Under the terms of the agreement the Soviet Union would in return ship raw materials such as food and timber to the western zones. When the Soviets did not fulfil their side of the agreement, the US temporarily halted shipments east, and they were never resumed. It was later shown that although utilized for cold war propaganda reasons, the main reason for halting shipments east was not the behavior of the USSR but rather the recalcitrant behavior of France.
Military industries and those owned by the state, by Nazi activists, and by war criminals were confiscated by the Soviet occupation authority. Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaften -SAG- were formed. The agrarian reform Bodenreform expropriated all land belonging to owners of more than hectares of land as well as former Nazis and war criminals and generally limited ownership to 1 square kilometre 0. Some Junker estates were converted into collective people's farms German: State farms were also set up, called Volkseigenes Gut State-owned Property.
The division of Germany was made clear with the currency reform of 20 June , which was limited to the western zones. Three days later a separate currency reform was introduced in the Soviet zone.
The introduction of the Deutsche Mark to the western sectors of Berlin, against the will of the Soviet supreme commander, led the Soviet Union to introduce the Berlin Blockade to try to gain control of the whole of Berlin. The Western Allies decided to supply Berlin via an airbridge. This lasted 11 months until the Soviet Union lifted the blockade on 12 May An SMAD decree of June 10 allowed the formation of antifascist democratic political parties in the Soviet zone; elections to new state legislatures were scheduled for October However, a truer picture of the SED's support was revealed in Berlin, which was still undivided.
The Berlin SPD managed to preserve its independence and, running on its own, polled In May , elections were held in the Soviet zone for the German People's Congress to draft a constitution for a separate East German state. However, voters were only allowed to approve or reject slates of candidates drawn from the so-called anti-fascist coalition. Communists dominated this slate, thus allowing the SED to predetermine the composition of the People's Congress. According to official results, two-thirds of voters approved the unity lists.
The SED modelled itself as a Soviet-style "party of the new type". According to the Leninist principle of democratic centralism , each party body was controlled by its members. Ulbricht, as party chief, carried out the will of the members of his party. Many former members of the SPD and some communist advocates of a social-democratic road to socialism were purged from the SED.
Incidentally, the party system was designed to allow reentry of only those former NSDAP adherents who had earlier decided to join the National Front , which was originally formed by emigrants and prisoners of war in the Soviet Union during World War II. Political denazification in the Soviet zone was thus handled rather more transparently than in the Western zones, where the issue soon came second to considerations of practicality or even just privacy.
Wilhelm Pieck , a party leader, was elected first president. On October 9, the Soviet Union withdrew her East Berlin headquarters, and subsequently it outwardly surrendered the functions of the military government to the new German state. The SED controlled the National Front coalition , a federation of all political parties and mass organizations that preserved political pluralism.
The Volkskammer, according to the East German constitution the highest state body, was vested with legislative sovereignty. The SED controlled the Council of Ministers and reduced the legislative function of the Volkskammer to that of acclamation. Election to the Volkskammer and the state legislatures later replaced by district legislatures was based on a joint ballot prepared by the National Front: All members of the SED who were active in state organs carried out party resolutions. The First Five-Year Plan —55 introduced centralized state planning ; it stressed high production quotas for heavy industry and increased labor productivity.
The pressures of the plan caused an exodus of East German citizens to West Germany. In the conference a new economic policy was adpoted, " Planned Construction of Socialism ". The plan called to strengthen the state-owned sector of the economy, further to implement the principles of uniform socialist planning, and to use the economic laws of socialism systematically. Under a law passed by the Volkskammer in , the age at which Germany's youth may reject parental supervision was lowered from 21 to The churches, while nominally assured of religious freedom, were, nevertheless, subjected to considerable pressure.
There were also other indications of opposition, even from within the government itself. In the fall of several prominent members of the SED were expelled and arrested as "saboteurs" or "for lacking trust in the Soviet Union. At the end of the draft of a new family code was published which aimed at destroying all parental influence.
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In monthly emigration figures fluctuated between 11, and 17, By an average of 37, men, women, and children were leaving each month. Stalin died in March Malenkov's policy, which aimed at improvement in the standard of living, stressed a shift in investment toward light industry and trade and a greater availability of consumer goods. The SED, in addition to shifting emphasis from heavy industry to consumer goods, initiated a program for alleviating economic hardships.
This led to a reduction of delivery quotas and taxes, the availability of state loans to private business, and an increase in the allocation of production material. While the New Course increased the consumer goods workers could get, there were still high production quotas. When work quotas were raised in , it led to the Uprising. Strikes and demonstrations happened in major industrial centers. The workers demanded economic reforms. The Volkspolizei and the Soviet Army suppressed the uprising, in which approximately participants were killed.
By this time, reparations payments had been completed, and the SAGs had been restored to East German ownership. The five states formerly constituting the Soviet occupation zone also had been dissolved and replaced by fifteen districts Bezirke in ; the United States, Britain, and France did not recognize the fifteenth district, East Berlin.
According to its terms the German Democratic Republic was henceforth "free to decide questions of its internal and foreign policy, including its relations with the German Federal Republic as well as with other states. The two governments would strengthen the economic, scientific-technical, and cultural relations between them and would consult with each other on questions affecting their interests. Around this time, an academic intelligentsia within the SED leadership demanded reform.
To this end, Wolfgang Harich issued a platform advocating radical changes in East Germany. In late , he and his associates were quickly purged from the SED ranks and imprisoned. The plan employed the slogan "modernization, mechanization, and automation" to emphasize the new focus on technological progress. At the plenum, the regime announced its intention to develop nuclear energy, and the first nuclear reactor in East Germany was activated in The Second Five-Year Plan committed East Germany to accelerated efforts toward agricultural collectivization and nationalization and completion of the nationalization of the industrial sector.
In —59 the SED placed quotas on private farmers and sent teams to villages in an effort to encourage voluntary collectivization. An extensive economic management reform by the SED in February included the transfer of a large number of industrial ministries to the State Planning Commission. In order to accelerate the nationalization of industry, the SED offered entrepreneurs percent partnership incentives for transforming their firms into VEBs.
Emigration again increased, totaling , in and , in The labour drain exceeded a total of 2. The annual industrial growth rate declined steadily after The Soviet Union therefore recommended that East Germany implement the reforms of Soviet economist Evsei Liberman , an advocate of the principle of profitability and other market principles for communist economies. In Ulbricht adapted Liberman's theories and introduced the New Economic System NES , an economic reform program providing for some decentralization in decision-making and the consideration of market and performance criteria.
The NES aimed at creating an efficient economic system and transforming East Germany into a leading industrial nation.