Those Who Forget the Past: The Question of Anti-Semitism

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Thus have Judaism and Jew-hatred passed through history for centuries as inseparable companions Having analyzed Judeophobia as an hereditary form of demonopathy, peculiar to the human race, and represented Jew-hatred as based upon an inherited aberration of the human mind, we must draw the important conclusion, that we must give up contending against these hostile impulses, just as we give up contending against every other inherited predisposition.

In the aftermath of the Kristallnacht pogrom in , German propaganda minister Goebbels announced: It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. After the victory of the Allies over Nazi Germany , and particularly after the full extent of the Nazi genocide against the Jews became known, the term "anti-Semitism" acquired pejorative connotations.

This marked a full circle shift in usage, from an era just decades earlier when "Jew" was used as a pejorative term. Nobody says, 'I am anti-Semitic. The word has gone out of fashion. Antisemitism manifests itself in a variety of ways. The forms identified are substantially the same; it is primarily the number of forms and their definitions that differ. Bernard Lazare identifies three forms of antisemitism: Christian antisemitism , economic antisemitism, and ethnologic antisemitism. Louis Harap separates "economic antisemitism" and merges "political" and "nationalistic" antisemitism into "ideological antisemitism".

Harap also adds a category of "social antisemitism". Gustavo Perednik has argued that what he terms "Judeophobia" has a number of unique traits which set it apart from other forms of racism, including permanence, depth, obsessiveness, irrationality, endurance, ubiquity, and danger. If they live in non-Jewish countries, they are accused of double-loyalties; if they live in the Jewish country, of being racists. When they spend their money, they are reproached for being ostentatious; when they don't spend their money, of being avaricious.

They are called rootless cosmopolitans or hardened chauvinists. If they assimilate, they are accused of being fifth-columnists, if they don't, of shutting themselves away. Harvard professor Ruth Wisse has argued that antisemitism is a political ideology that authoritarians use to consolidate power by unifying disparate groups. One example she gives is the alleged antisemitism within the United Nations , which, in this view, functioned during the Cold War as a coalition-building technique between Soviet and Arab states, but now serves the same purpose among states opposed to the type of human-rights ideology for which the UN was created.

She also cites as an example the formation of the Arab League. Louis Harap defines cultural antisemitism as "that species of anti-Semitism that charges the Jews with corrupting a given culture and attempting to supplant or succeeding in supplanting the preferred culture with a uniform, crude, "Jewish" culture.

Religious antisemitism , also known as anti-Judaism, is antipathy towards Jews because of their perceived religious beliefs. In theory, antisemitism and attacks against individual Jews would stop if Jews stopped practicing Judaism or changed their public faith, especially by conversion to the official or right religion. However, in some cases discrimination continues after conversion, as in the case of Christianized Marranos or Iberian Jews in the late 15th century and 16th century who were suspected of secretly practising Judaism or Jewish customs.

Although the origins of antisemitism are rooted in the Judeo-Christian conflict, other forms of antisemitism have developed in modern times. Frederick Schweitzer asserts that, "most scholars ignore the Christian foundation on which the modern antisemitic edifice rests and invoke political antisemitism, cultural antisemitism, racism or racial antisemitism, economic antisemitism and the like.

From the Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear. The underlying premise of economic antisemitism is that Jews perform harmful economic activities or that economic activities become harmful when they are performed by Jews. Linking Jews and money underpins the most damaging and lasting Antisemitic canards.

In the modern era, such myths continue to be spread in books such as The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews published by the Nation of Islam , and on the internet. Derek Penslar writes that there are two components to the financial canards: Abraham Foxman describes six facets of the financial canards:.

Gerald Krefetz summarizes the myth as "[Jews] control the banks, the money supply, the economy, and businesses—of the community, of the country, of the world". In opposition to this view, Derek Penslar contends that in the modern era, the economic antisemitism is "distinct and nearly constant" but theological antisemitism is "often subdued". An academic study by Francesco D'Acunto, Marcel Prokopczuk, and Michael Weber showed that people who live in areas of Germany that contain the most brutal history of anti-Semitic persecution are more likely to be distrustful of finance in general.

Therefore, they tended to invest less money in the stock market and make poor financial decisions.

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The study concluded "that the persecution of minorities reduces not only the long-term wealth of the persecuted, but of the persecutors as well. Racial antisemitism is the idea that the Jews are a distinct and inferior race compared to their host nations. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, it gained mainstream acceptance as part of the eugenics movement, which categorized non-Europeans as inferior. It more specifically claimed that Northern Europeans, or "Aryans", were superior. Racial antisemites saw the Jews as part of a Semitic race and emphasized their non-European origins and culture.

They saw Jews as beyond redemption even if they converted to the majority religion. Racial antisemitism replaced the hatred of Judaism with the hatred of Jews as a group. In the context of the Industrial Revolution , following the Jewish Emancipation , Jews rapidly urbanized and experienced a period of greater social mobility.

Antisemitism

With the decreasing role of religion in public life tempering religious antisemitism, a combination of growing nationalism , the rise of eugenics , and resentment at the socio-economic success of the Jews led to the newer, and more virulent, racist antisemitism. According to William Nichols, religious antisemitism may be distinguished from modern antisemitism based on racial or ethnic grounds. In the early 19th century, a number of laws enabling emancipation of the Jews were enacted in Western European countries.

Despite this, traditional discrimination and hostility to Jews on religious grounds persisted and was supplemented by racial antisemitism , encouraged by the work of racial theorists such as Joseph Arthur de Gobineau and particularly his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race of —5. Nationalist agendas based on ethnicity , known as ethnonationalism , usually excluded the Jews from the national community as an alien race. Such theories, usually posited by northern Europeans, advocated the superiority of white Aryans to Semitic Jews.

Holocaust denial and Jewish conspiracy theories are also considered forms of antisemitism. Starting in the s, some scholars have advanced the concept of new antisemitism , coming simultaneously from the left , the right , and radical Islam , which tends to focus on opposition to the creation of a Jewish homeland in the State of Israel , [] and they argue that the language of anti-Zionism and criticism of Israel are used to attack Jews more broadly.

In this view, the proponents of the new concept believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and they attribute this to antisemitism. Jewish scholar Gustavo Perednik posited in that anti-Zionism in itself represents a form of discrimination against Jews, in that it singles out Jewish national aspirations as an illegitimate and racist endeavor, and "proposes actions that would result in the death of millions of Jews".

Critics of the concept view it as trivializing the meaning of antisemitism, and as exploiting antisemitism in order to silence debate and to deflect attention from legitimate criticism of the State of Israel , and, by associating anti-Zionism with antisemitism, misused to taint anyone opposed to Israeli actions and policies. German indologists arbitrarily identified "layers" in the Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita with the objective of fueling European anti-Semitism via the Indo-Aryan migration theory.

Many authors see the roots of modern antisemitism in both pagan antiquity and early Christianity. Jerome Chanes identifies six stages in the historical development of antisemitism: Chanes suggests that these six stages could be merged into three categories: The first clear examples of anti-Jewish sentiment can be traced to the 3rd century BCE to Alexandria , [61] the home to the largest Jewish diaspora community in the world at the time and where the Septuagint , a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible , was produced.

Manetho , an Egyptian priest and historian of that era, wrote scathingly of the Jews. In view of Manetho's anti-Jewish writings, antisemitism may have originated in Egypt and been spread by "the Greek retelling of Ancient Egyptian prejudices". Hecataetus of Abdera, a Greek historian of the early third century BCE, wrote that Moses "in remembrance of the exile of his people, instituted for them a misanthropic and inhospitable way of life. There are examples of Hellenistic rulers desecrating the Temple and banning Jewish religious practices, such as circumcision , Shabbat observance, study of Jewish religious books, etc.

The Jewish diaspora on the Nile island Elephantine , which was founded by mercenaries, experienced the destruction of its temple in BCE. Relationships between the Jewish people and the occupying Roman Empire were at times antagonistic and resulted in several rebellions. According to Suetonius , the emperor Tiberius expelled from Rome Jews who had gone to live there. The 18th-century English historian Edward Gibbon identified a more tolerant period in Roman-Jewish relations beginning in about CE. By that ratio, if other factors such as pogroms and conversions had not intervened, there would be million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million.

In the late 6th century CE, the newly Catholicised Visigothic kingdom in Hispania issued a series of anti-Jewish edicts which forbad Jews from marrying Christians, practicing circumcision, and observing Jewish holy days. From the 9th century, the medieval Islamic world classified Jews and Christians as dhimmis , and allowed Jews to practice their religion more freely than they could do in medieval Christian Europe.

Under Islamic rule , there was a Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain that lasted until at least the 11th century.

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In addition, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen , Morocco and Baghdad several times between the 12th and 18th centuries. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians emigrated. During the Middle Ages in Europe there was persecution against Jews in many places, with blood libels , expulsions, forced conversions and massacres.

A main justification of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. The persecution hit its first peak during the Crusades. In the First Crusade hundreds or even thousands of Jews were killed as the crusaders arrived. In the Second Crusade the Jews in Germany were subject to several massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds' Crusades of and , as well as Rintfleisch knights in The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including, in , the banishing of all English Jews; in , the expulsion of , Jews in France; [] and in , the expulsion of thousands from Austria.

Many of the expelled Jews fled to Poland. As the Black Death epidemics devastated Europe in the midth century, causing the death of a large part of the population, Jews were used as scapegoats. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed in numerous persecutions. Although Pope Clement VI tried to protect them by issuing two papal bulls in , the first on 6 July and an additional one several months later, Jews were burned alive in Strasbourg , where the plague had not yet affected the city. During the mid-to-late 17th century the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth was devastated by several conflicts, in which the Commonwealth lost over a third of its population over 3 million people , and Jewish losses were counted in the hundreds of thousands.

The first of these conflicts was the Khmelnytsky Uprising , when Bohdan Khmelnytsky 's supporters massacred tens of thousands of Jews in the eastern and southern areas he controlled today's Ukraine. The precise number of dead may never be known, but the decrease of the Jewish population during that period is estimated at , to ,, which also includes emigration, deaths from diseases and captivity in the Ottoman Empire , called jasyr. European immigrants to the United States brought antisemitism to the country as early as the 17th century.

Peter Stuyvesant , the Dutch governor of New Amsterdam , implemented plans to prevent Jews from settling in the city. During the Colonial Era, the American government limited the political and economic rights of Jews. It was not until the American Revolutionary War that Jews gained legal rights, including the right to vote. However, even at their peak, the restrictions on Jews in the United States were never as stringent as they had been in Europe. In the Zaydi imamate of Yemen , Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of Tihamah and which became known as the Mawza Exile.

In , Frederick II of Prussia limited the number of Jews allowed to live in Breslau to only ten so-called "protected" Jewish families and encouraged a similar practice in other Prussian cities. In the same year, Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa ordered Jews out of Bohemia but soon reversed her position, on the condition that Jews pay for their readmission every ten years.

This extortion was known as malke-geld queen's money. In she introduced the law limiting each Jewish family to one son. In , Joseph II abolished most of these persecution practices in his Toleranzpatent , on the condition that Yiddish and Hebrew were eliminated from public records and that judicial autonomy was annulled. Moses Mendelssohn wrote that "Such a tolerance In , the empress of Russia Catherine II forced the Jews into the Pale of Settlement — which was located primarily in present-day Poland, Ukraine and Belarus — and to stay in their shtetls and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the partition of Poland.

Konstantin Pobedonostsev , nicknamed the "black czar" and tutor to the czarevitch , later crowned Czar Nicholas II , declared that "One third of the Jews must die, one third must emigrate, and one third be converted to Christianity". According to Arnold Ages, Voltaire 's "Lettres philosophiques, Dictionnaire philosophique, and Candide, to name but a few of his better known works, are saturated with comments on Jews and Judaism and the vast majority are negative".

Historian Martin Gilbert writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries. Benny Morris writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children.

Morris quotes a 19th-century traveler: To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mahommedan. In the middle of the 19th century, J. Benjamin wrote about the life of Persian Jews , describing conditions and beliefs that went back to the 16th century: In Jerusalem at least, conditions for some Jews improved.

Moses Montefiore , on his seventh visit in , noted that fine new buildings had sprung up and; 'surely we're approaching the time to witness God's hallowed promise unto Zion. At the time of the Dreyfus trial in France, 'Muslim comments usually favoured the persecuted Jew against his Christian persecutors'.

The essay began as an attack on Jewish composers, particularly Wagner's contemporaries, and rivals, Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer , but expanded to accuse Jews of being a harmful and alien element in German culture , who corrupted morals and were, in fact, parasites incapable of creating truly "German" art.

The crux was the manipulation and control by the Jews of the money economy: According to the present constitution of this world, the Jew in truth is already more than emancipated: Although originally published anonymously, when the essay was republished 19 years later, in , the concept of the corrupting Jew had become so widely held that Wagner's name was affixed to it.

Antisemitism can also be found in many of the Grimms' Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm , published from to The middle 19th century saw continued official harassment of the Jews, especially in Eastern Europe under Czarist influence. For example, in , 80 Jews approached the governor in Warsaw to retain the right to wear their traditional dress, but were immediately rebuffed by having their hair and beards forcefully cut, at their own expense.

In America, even such influential figures as Walt Whitman tolerated bigotry toward the Jews. During his time as editor of the Brooklyn Eagle — , the newspaper published historical sketches casting Jews in a bad light. The Dreyfus Affair was an infamous antisemitic event of the late 19th century and early 20th century. Alfred Dreyfus , a Jewish artillery captain in the French Army , was accused in of passing secrets to the Germans. As a result of these charges, Dreyfus was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.

The actual spy, Marie Charles Esterhazy, was acquitted. The event caused great uproar among the French, with the public choosing sides on the issue of whether Dreyfus was actually guilty or not. However, general consensus held that Dreyfus was guilty: This attitude among the majority of the French population reveals the underlying antisemitism of the time period. Adolf Stoecker — , the Lutheran court chaplain to Kaiser Wilhelm I , founded in an antisemitic, anti-liberal political party called the Christian Social Party. Some scholars view Karl Marx's essay On The Jewish Question as antisemitic, and argue that he often used antisemitic epithets in his published and private writings.

Some further argue that the essay influenced National Socialist , as well as Soviet and Arab antisemites. These scholars argue that "On the Jewish Question" is a critique of Bruno Bauer's arguments that Jews must convert to Christianity before being emancipated, and is more generally a critique of liberal rights discourses and capitalism. Wheen says that "Those critics, who see this as a foretaste of 'Mein Kampf', overlook one, essential point: It was a retort to Bruno Bauer, who had argued that Jews should not be granted full civic rights and freedoms unless they were baptised as Christians".

McLellan concludes that readers should interpret the essay's second half as "an extended pun at Bauer's expense". Between and , approximately 1. This increase, combined with the upward social mobility of some Jews, contributed to a resurgence of antisemitism. In the first half of the 20th century, in the USA, Jews were discriminated against in employment, access to residential and resort areas, membership in clubs and organizations, and in tightened quotas on Jewish enrolment and teaching positions in colleges and universities.

The lynching of Leo Frank by a mob of prominent citizens in Marietta, Georgia in turned the spotlight on antisemitism in the United States. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Beilis Trial in Russia represented incidents of blood-libel in Europe. Christians used allegations of Jews killing Christians as a justification for the killing of Jews.

Antisemitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period. The pioneer automobile manufacturer Henry Ford propagated antisemitic ideas in his newspaper The Dearborn Independent published by Ford from to The radio speeches of Father Coughlin in the late s attacked Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal and promoted the notion of a Jewish financial conspiracy. Some prominent politicians shared such views: McFadden , Chairman of the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency , blamed Jews for Roosevelt's decision to abandon the gold standard , and claimed that "in the United States today, the Gentiles have the slips of paper while the Jews have the lawful money".

In the early s the aviator Charles Lindbergh and many prominent Americans led The America First Committee in opposing any involvement in the war against Fascism. During his July visit to Nazi Germany , a few weeks before the Summer Olympics , Lindbergh wrote letters saying that there was "more intelligent leadership in Germany than is generally recognized". The German American Bund held parades in New York City during the late s, where members wore Nazi uniforms and raised flags featuring swastikas alongside American flags.

Sometimes race riots , as in Detroit in , targeted Jewish businesses for looting and burning. In Germany, Nazism led Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , who came to power on 30 January shortly afterwards instituted repressive legislation which denied the Jews basic civil rights. Antisemitism was commonly used as an instrument for settling personal conflicts in the Soviet Union , starting with the conflict between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky and continuing through numerous conspiracy-theories spread by official propaganda. Antisemitism in the USSR reached new heights after during the campaign against the " rootless cosmopolitan " euphemism for "Jew" in which numerous Yiddish-language poets, writers, painters and sculptors were killed or arrested.

Similar antisemitic propaganda in Poland resulted in the flight of Polish Jewish survivors from the country. After the war, the Kielce pogrom and the " March events " in communist Poland represented further incidents of antisemitism in Europe. The anti-Jewish violence in postwar Poland has a common theme of blood libel rumours. Physical assaults against Jews in those countries included beatings, stabbings and other violence, which increased markedly, sometimes resulting in serious injury and death.

This rise in antisemitic attacks is associated with both the Muslim anti-Semitism and the rise of far-right political parties as a result of the economic crisis of In Eastern Europe the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the instability of the new states has brought the rise of nationalist movements and the accusation against Jews for the economic crisis, taking over the local economy and bribing the government alongside with traditional and religious motives for antisemitism such as blood libels.

Most of the antisemitic incidents are against Jewish cemeteries and building community centers and synagogues. Nevertheless, there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in when a neo-Nazi stabbed 9 people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue, [] the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in , [] the threats against Jewish pilgrims in Uman, Ukraine [] and the attack against a menorah by extremist Christian organization in Moldova in Europeans are concerned about antisemitism because, historically, societies with a large degree of anti-Semitism are self-destructive.

Robert Bernstein , founder of Human Rights Watch , says that antisemitism is "deeply ingrained and institutionalized" in "Arab nations in modern times. In a survey by the Pew Research Center , all of the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled held few positive opinions of Jews. According to a exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, United States, some of the dialogue from Middle East media and commentators about Jews bear a striking resemblance to Nazi propaganda.

Whereas this darkest of creeds is no longer tolerated in polite society in the West, in the Arab world, Jew hatred remains culturally endemic. Muslim clerics in the Middle East have frequently referred to Jews as descendants of apes and pigs, which are conventional epithets for Jews and Christians. Antisemitism has been explained in terms of racism , xenophobia , projected guilt , displaced aggression, and the search for a scapegoat. Such a perception may have arisen by many Jews having strictly kept to their own communities, with their own practices and laws.

It has also been suggested that parts of antisemitism arose from a perception of Jewish people as greedy as often used in stereotypes of Jews , and this perception has probably evolved in Europe during Medieval times where a large portion of money lending was operated by Jews. A March report by the U. State Department found that there was an increase in antisemitism across the world, and that both old and new expressions of antisemitism persist. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor also noted a continued global increase in antisemitism, and found that Holocaust denial and opposition to Israeli policy at times was used to promote or justify blatant antisemitism.

Almost all Jews in Algeria left upon independence in Algeria's , Jews had French citizenship since briefly revoked by Vichy France in , and they mainly went to France , with some going to Israel. In Egypt , Dar al-Fadhilah published a translation of Henry Ford 's antisemitic treatise, The International Jew , complete with distinctly antisemitic imagery on the cover. On 5 May , after Shimon Peres visited Egypt , the Egyptian al-Akhbar internet paper said that "lies and deceit are not foreign to Jews[ For this reason, Allah changed their shape and made them into monkeys and pigs.

In July , Egypt's Al Nahar channel fooled actors into thinking they were on an Israeli television show and filmed their reactions to being told it was an Israeli television show. In response, some of the actors launched into antisemitic rants or dialogue, and many became violent. Actress Mayer El Beblawi said that "Allah did not curse the worm and moth as much as he cursed the Jews" while actor Mahmoud Abdel Ghaffar launched into a violent rage and said, "You brought me someone who looks like a Jew I hate the Jews to death" after finding out it was a prank.

Libya had once one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, dating back to BCE. Despite the repression of Jews in the late , as a result of the pro-Nazi Fascist Italian regime, Jews were third of the population of Libya till In the Nazi German troops occupied the Jewish quarter of Benghazi, plundering shops and deporting more than 2, Jews across the desert. Sent to work in labor camps, more than one-fifth of this group of Jews perished.

A series of pogroms started in November , while more than Jews were killed in Tripoli and most synagogues in the city looted. After the Suez Crisis in , another series of pogroms forced all but about Jews to flee. When Muammar al-Gaddafi came to power in , all remaining Jewish property was confiscated and all debts to Jews cancelled. Jewish communities, in Islamic times often living in ghettos known as mellah , have existed in Morocco for at least 2, years.

Intermittent large scale massacres such as that of 6, Jews in Fez in , over , Jews in Fez and Marrakesh in and again in Marrakesh in [] [] were accompanied by systematic discrimination through the years. In , 20 Jews were killed by a mob in Demnat , Morocco; elsewhere in Morocco, Jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. In , approximately , Jews lived in Morocco. Between 5, and 8, live there now. In June , soon after Israel was established and in the midst of the first Arab-Israeli war, riots against Jews broke out in Oujda and Djerada , killing 44 Jews.

In , 18, Jews left the country for Israel. After this, Jewish emigration continued to Israel and elsewhere , but slowed to a few thousand a year. Through the early fifties, Zionist organizations encouraged emigration, particularly in the poorer south of the country, seeing Moroccan Jews as valuable contributors to the Jewish State: In , Morocco attained independence and emigration to Israel has increased further until then it was prohibited until , then resumed. By , the Jewish population was down to 35,; however, most of this wave of emigration went to Europe and North America rather than Israel.

Antisemitism has been present in history of South Africa since Europeans first set foot ashore on the Cape Peninsula. In the years — Jews were not allowed to settle at the Cape. An Act would sanction religious discrimination. Jews have lived in Tunisia for at least years. In the 13th century, Jews were expelled from their homes in Kairouan and were ultimately restricted to ghettos, known as hara. Forced to wear distinctive clothing, several Jews earned high positions in the Tunisian government.

Several prominent international traders were Tunisian Jews. From to , Muhammad Bey relaxed dhimmi laws, but reinstated them in the face of anti-Jewish riots that continued at least until Tunisia, as the only Middle Eastern country under direct Nazi control during World War II, was also the site of racist antisemitic measures activities such as the yellow star, prison camps, deportations, and other persecution.

In , approximately , Jews lived in Tunisia. Only about 1, remain there today. Following Tunisia's independence from France in , a number of anti-Jewish policies led to emigration, of which half went to Israel and the other half to France. After attacks in , Jewish emigration both to Israel and France accelerated.

There were also attacks in , , and most recently in when a bomb in Djerba took 21 lives most of them German tourists near the local synagogue, in a terrorist attack claimed by Al-Qaeda. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , former president of Iran, has frequently been accused of denying the Holocaust. Other cartoons in the contest were antisemitic as well. The national director of the Anti-Defamation League, Abraham Foxman, condemned the cartoon, stating that "Here's the anti-Semitic notion of Jews and their love for money, the canard that Jews 'control' Wall Street, and a cynical perversion of the Western Wall, the holiest site in Judaism," and "Once again Iran takes the prize for promoting antisemitism.

The Japanese first learned about antisemitism in , during the cooperation of the Imperial Japanese Army with the White movement in Siberia. White Army soldiers had been issued copies of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , and "The Protocols continue to be used as evidence of Jewish conspiracies even though they are widely acknowledged to be a forgery. In the post-war period, extremist groups and ideologues have promoted conspiracy theories. In , Al-Manar , a media network affiliated with Hezbollah , aired a drama series, The Diaspora , which observers allege is based on historical antisemitic allegations.

BBC correspondents who have watched the program says it quotes extensively from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Although Malaysia presently has no substantial Jewish population, the country has reportedly become an example of a phenomenon called "antisemitism without Jews. Jewish stinginess and financial wizardry gained them the economic control of Europe and provoked antisemitism which waxed and waned throughout Europe through the ages. The Malay-language Utusan Malaysia daily stated in an editorial that Malaysians "cannot allow anyone, especially the Jews, to interfere secretly in this country's business When the drums are pounded hard in the name of human rights, the pro-Jewish people will have their best opportunity to interfere in any Islamic country," the newspaper said.

In March , the Israeli government issued a paper claiming that "Anti-Israel and anti-Semitic messages are heard regularly in the government and private media and in the mosques and are taught in school books," to the extent that they are "an integral part of the fabric of life inside the PA. In Pakistan, Jews are often regarded as miserly. The Peshawar Jewish community ceased to exist [] although a small community reportedly still exists in Karachi. Pakistani political commentator Zaid Hamid claimed that Indian Jews perpetrated the Mumbai attacks.

Saudi textbooks vilify Jews, call Jews apes; demand that students avoid and not befriend Jews; claim that Jews worship the devil; and encourage Muslims to engage in Jihad to vanquish Jews. In , the official Saudi Arabia tourism website said that Jews and holders of Israeli passports would not be issued visas to enter the country. After an uproar, the restriction against Jews was removed from the website although the ban against Israeli passport-holders remained. In June , the Economist suggested that "The best way for Turks to promote democracy would be to vote against the ruling party".

Both their security and the right to observe their faith are under our guarantee. According to a report from the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , antisemitism had increased significantly in Europe since , with significant increases in verbal attacks against Jews and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, desecration of synagogues and cemeteries. Germany, France, Britain, and Russia are the countries with the highest rate of antisemitic incidents in Europe. Some claim that recent European antisemitic violence can actually be seen as a spillover from the long running Arab-Israeli conflict since the majority of the perpetrators are from the large Muslim immigrant communities in European cities.

However, compared to France, the United Kingdom and much of the rest of Europe, in Germany Arab and pro-Palestinian groups are involved in only a small percentage of antisemitic incidents. On 1 January , Britain's chief rabbi , Lord Jonathan Sacks , warned that what he called a "tsunami of antisemitism" was spreading globally. We've had synagogues desecrated. The only thing comparable to Auschwitz was the bloody campaign of terrorist atrocities - mainly homicide bombings killinmg hundreds of Israeli men, women and children they made no boned about the fact of especially targeting children that led to Israel besieging Arafat in the beginning.

Scaramngo does not end his absurdity there, but traces Israel's policies to Biblical Judaism. According to Scaramango the story of David and Goliath was that of a blond person David employing superior technology to kill at a distance a helpless and supposedly non blond person , the unfortunate and oppressed Goliath. Berman go's some way towards analyzing the demonization of Israel and glorification of terrorist murder. Harold Evans succinctly and accurately in his talk 'The View from Ground Zero' , what is and what is not Antisemitism dealing effectively with the idiotic cliche that defenders of Israel silence the critics of that nation with accusations of Antisemitism.

Evens points out that while it is not necessarily Antisemitic to question specific Israeli government actions or policies 'It is Antisemitic to vilify the State of Israel as a diabolical abstraction, reserving tolerance for individual Jews but not the collective Jew ; It is Anti-Semitic to invent malignant outrages ; It is Anti-Semitic to constantly condemn in Israel what you ignore or condone elsewhere; It is above all Anti-Semitism to dehumanize Judaism and the Jewish people so as to incite and justify their extermination.

That is what has been done thousands and thousands of times over on a preposterous basis. Evans deals with some of the vile Anti-Semitic propaganda in the Islamic world and of the left in the media and universities. Included in these are numerous reports in the Arab and Iranian media that Jews use the blood of gentiles to make matzoh for Passover or pastries for Purim. Or the Pro-Palestinian students as San Francisco State University who put up a poster of can labelled 'Palestinian children's meat slaughtered according to Jewish rights under American license'.

Evans explores the adoption by Hamas and Hezbollah and across the Islamic world of the Tsarist forgery 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' He also describes the brutal exhibition at al Nayhar University in Nablus entitled 'The Sbarro Cafe Exhibition' celebrating the bombing by Hamas of of a family Pizza restaurant in Tel Aviv,where mostly Jewish children were killed. Wistrich rightly points out that 'Despite the incessant hair-splitting over the need to separate anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism, this has in recent decades become a distinction without meaningful difference.

Whoever wants to defame or destroy it, openly or through policies that contain nothing else but such destruction is in effect practicing the Jew-hatred of yesteryear, whatever their self-proclaimed intentions'. I might add that Israel being the largest Jewish community in the world and the fact that Israelis are Jews makes the 'We are anti-Zionist but not ant-Semitic' lie perfidious. Gabriel Schoenfeld goes further in getting to the heart of hatred of Jews and Israel.

He quotes a Saudi cleric, translated by the Middle East Media Research Institute who , in a government sponsored sermon, exhorted his followers 'Not to have mercy or compassion of the Jews. Their women are yours legitimately. God made them yours. Why dont you enslave their women? Why dont you wage Jihad? Why don't you pillage them? Other essays dissect the perverted and bizarre Holocaust inversion, the staple diet of the Islamists and anti-Zionist left whereby the Jews , descendants of Holocaust survivors, are now branded Nazis and the Palestinians who aim to slaughter every last Jewish man, women and child in Israel are awarded the status of the Jews of the Holocaust.

Laurie Zoloft describes the violent attack at San Francisco State University by a mob of Pro-Palestinian students on a group of Jewish students who had gathered for a peace rally. The university administration refused to intervene. Zoloft correctly points out that had it been Palestinian or Black students under attack, the university administration would certifiably have gone to stand by their side. The venomous culture of Jew and Israel-hatred on American universities is analysed by various other writers also.

In her piece Fiamma Nirenstein points out how worldwide the killing of Jews whom live in Judea and Samaria, and who lived in Gaza, 'the settlers' is presented in the media as justified, as if 'they asked for it' , even small children. While when a Hamas commander is killed although he obviously 'asked for it' opens up a flurry of finger pointing on the perfidy of extra-judicial death sentences.

Daniel Gordis points out in a letter to a Pro-Palestinian extreme left Jew that 'the concern for people trying to kill them is a luxury I suspect even our uncorrupted children wont have'. This digest is a penetrating and chilling , educational , eye opening and sometimes harrowing read which cannot be ommited by anyone seriously interested in the subject. See all 9 reviews. Most recent customer reviews. Published on November 28, Published on June 14, Published on October 28, Published on July 12, Published on July 11, Published on June 8, Pages with related products.

See and discover other items: There's a problem loading this menu right now. Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. View or edit your browsing history. Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. The torching of eu synagogues, suicide terror in Israel, the relentless comparability of the Israelis to Nazis, the paranoid post--September eleven Internet-bred conspiracy theories, the Holocaust-denial literature spreading in the course of the Arab international, the calumny and violence erupting on American university campuses: In this chilling and significant new publication, Ron Rosenbaum, writer of the hugely praised Explaining Hitler , brings jointly a suite of strong essays in regards to the beginning and nature of the recent anti-Semitism.

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Is a moment Holocaust attainable, this time within the heart East? How does anti-Semitism range from anti-Zionism? These are concerns too risky to disregard, too urgent to disclaim. Those Who overlook the Past is a vital quantity for knowing the hot bigotry of the twenty-first century. From the exchange Paperback edition. America's Quest for Global Dominance. From the world's premier highbrow activist, an irrefutable research of America's pursuit of overall domination and the catastrophic results which are absolute to follow.

The usa is within the strategy of staking out not only the globe however the final unarmed spot in our neighborhood-the heavens-as a militarized sphere of impact.

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