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Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder. Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire, [12] to the point where, in the words of Gilbert Murray "nearly all the successors of Alexander [ This page was last edited on 10 September , at Lives of eminent philosophers. A Hierarchy of Values?
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Vogt Law, Reason, and the Cosmic City: Political Philosophy in the Early Stoa. Oxford University Press, The Stoic Idea of the City. Malcolm Schofield - - University of Chicago Press. Philosopher-Kings and Other Classical Paradigms. Malcolm Schofield - - Routledge. Jonas , Yoshiaki M. The Movements of Legal Thought. Shiner - - Oxford University Press. Prolepsis and Ennoia in the Early Stoa Review.
The principle of adiaphora was also common to the Cynics. Philipp Melanchthon revived the doctrine of things indifferent during the Renaissance.
Stoic philosophical and spiritual practices included logic , Socratic dialogue and self-dialogue , contemplation of death , training attention to remain in the present moment similar to some forms of Buddhist meditation , and daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions. Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder.
In his Meditations , Marcus Aurelius defines several such practices. For example, in Book II. Say to yourself in the early morning: I shall meet today ungrateful, violent, treacherous, envious, uncharitable men.
All of the ignorance of real good and ill I can neither be harmed by any of them, for no man will involve me in wrong, nor can I be angry with my kinsman or hate him; for we have come into the world to work together Prior to Aurelius, Epictetus in his Discourses , distinguished between three types of act: Seamus Mac Suibhne has described the practices of spiritual exercises as influencing those of reflective practice.
Stoics were also known for consolatory orations, which were part of the consolatio literary tradition. Three such consolations by Seneca have survived. A distinctive feature of Stoicism is its cosmopolitanism: All people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should live in brotherly love and readily help one another according to the Stoics. In the Discourses , Epictetus comments on man's relationship with the world: They held that external differences such as rank and wealth are of no importance in social relationships.
Instead, they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings. Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco-Roman world, and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities, such as Cato the Younger and Epictetus. In particular, they were noted for their urging of clemency toward slaves.
Seneca exhorted, "Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock, is smiled upon by the same skies, and on equal terms with yourself breathes, lives, and dies. In his Introduction to the Penguin Classics edition of Meditations , the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound impact Stoicism had on Christianity. He claimed the author of the Fourth Gospel declared Christ to be the Logos, which "had long been one of the leading terms of Stoicism, chosen originally for the purpose of explaining how deity came into relation with the universe".
Ambrose of Milan's Duties , "The voice is the voice of a Christian bishop, but the precepts are those of Zeno. Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's 'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term pneuma , or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle. Clearly it is not a long step from this to the 'Holy Spirit' of Christian theology, the 'Lord and Giver of life', visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated—in the Christian as in the Stoic mind—with the ideas of vital fire and beneficient warmth.
Again in the doctrine of the Trinity, the ecclesiastical conception of Father, Word, and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity. Thus Seneca, writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe, states, 'This Power we sometimes call the All-ruling God, sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom, sometimes the holy Spirit, sometimes Destiny.
The apostle Paul met with Stoics during his stay in Athens, reported in Acts In his letters , Paul reflected heavily from his knowledge of Stoic philosophy, using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of Christianity. Ambrose , Marcus Minucius Felix , and Tertullian.
The Fathers of the Church regarded Stoicism as a "pagan philosophy"; [45] [46] nonetheless, early Christian writers employed some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism. Examples include the terms "logos", " virtue ", " Spirit ", and " conscience ". Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world, a belief in human kinship with Nature or God, a sense of the innate depravity—or "persistent evil"—of humankind, [23] and the futility and temporary nature of worldly possessions and attachments.
Both encourage Ascesis with respect to the passions and inferior emotions such as lust, and envy, so that the higher possibilities of one's humanity can be awakened and developed. Stoic writings such as Meditations by Marcus Aurelius have been highly regarded by many Christians throughout the centuries. Roman Stoics taught that sex is just within marriage, for unitive and procreative purposes only.
Saint Ambrose of Milan was known for applying Stoic philosophy to his theology. The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. School of Hellenistic Greek philosophy.
List of Stoic philosophers. Stoicism , , p. Kant's Theory of Emotion: A History of Western Philosophy, p. A History of Western Philosophy , p. These Were the Greeks. A History of Western Ethics. Long, Hellenistic Philosophy , p. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Lives of eminent philosophers. For Chrysippus there are no universal entities, whether they be conceived as substantial Platonic Forms or in some other manner. Backgrounds of Early Christianity.