Episode 1: Rockhounds Juiciest Case (Rockhound Files)

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As the cook turned the pieces in the pan he found them coated with loose monkey fur. So for a long time he sat, turning piece after piece in the frying pan, picking off monkey fur. Monkey meat, fresh from the monkey to the frying pan to the plate, may be a little tough but it's rich tasting and flavorful. And rice fried in the fat left from frying monkey was especially tasty.

Narben Im Gesicht Schminken Rezept

The question of language is beyond me in the few weeks I have been here, I'm afraid. Fortunately, English is pretty widely understood. Indeed it is the official language of instruction in the schools with Tagalog the second official language. Here with the people talking amongst themselves there are occasional English words like "sleeping bag," occasional Spanish ones like "came" for meat, and for the rest it is not Tagalog, but Visayan, the native tongue of the central Philippines.

They begin at 2 p. When I wrote by the light of the kerosene lamp in the evening the assortment of moths that came to the light was considerable. Especially noticeable among the silvery ones and the gray ones was a white one with pink bars and a pale green one. And just as conspicuous were the hemipterous bugs in varying patterns of black, yellow, and orange. Particularly in mountain forest, the first days are discouraging — the terrain is so rugged, the trails are all so slippery, the vegetation is so dense and dripping, and the birds get about with so much more ease than I do.

But my legs are now hardened to the hills. I look before I step. The dripping wet I'm used to now, and I've be- gun to know where the birds will be, where there's a special bulbul grove a few hundred yards down the trail, where there's an at- tractive fruiting tree just beyond and a little saddle in a ridge that birds favor, and so on. It's interesting how much more satisfac- tory some birds are to watch than are others. For example, one evening in the mountains a flower pecker and a velvet-fronted nut- hatch came into the tree edging the clearing. The fliower pecker perched on a slender branch of a second-growth tree.

It was a male, about three inches long, orange below, blue above, with a red spot on mid-back. Short-billed, short-tailed, it sat, like a dumpy ball of feathers, quite still, for per- haps ten minutes, then flew away. My knowledge of it was increased only in know- ing that the species is very inactive. How different was the nuthatch. It came into a branching tree, lit low, hopped up one branch, head up, looking this way and that, then across to another branch, then came down that headfirst, now belly down, now back down, as it followed the twisting and the turning of the branch.

In two or three minutes it had showed me its bag of acrobatic tricks, typical, quick, active nut- hatch behavior, and was gone, leaving the flower pecker still sitting soggily. Richardson Marshall Field John G. Searle Marshall Field, Jr. A partici- pant in many Chicago civic organizations, Mr. Stanley Field was re-elected to the office of President for the 46th consecutive year. Other officers re-elected are: Smith, Treasurer; Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Direc- tor and Secretary; and John R. I had known something about its naturalist direc- tor, Dr. Mendelssohn proved to be one of the most competent and enthusiastic naturalists I have known, with an extraordinary com- mand of the whole range of Palestinian natural history, including both plants and animals, their natural associations, their geographic distribution, and, as to the larger animals, a detailed knowledge of their behavior.

The Institute turned out to be in the main a small zoo in which almost every one of the larger animals of the Palestinian fauna is to be seen. This collection is sup- plemented by preserved specimens, a sort of small museum appended to the zoological garden. The quarters in which the animals are kept are extremely crowded. Cages are often piled three or four high, with only the narrowest separating passages between.

These quarters would be entirely inadequate, were it not that Mr. Mendelssohn and his assistants are imbued with the traditions of natural keepers of live animals, to whom no effort is too great to maintain their charges in health and in essential happiness. It is difficult to avoid the word "love" for this relationship.

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Successful adjustment cer- tainly lies specifically in confidence and the feeling of security. At any rate the animals are in good condition, and this is especially attested by their mating and breeding in captivity, as many animals in the largest and best-kept zoos may fail to do. Here at our first stop in Israel, I was able to see the gazelle and ibex of the southern deserts; the wild boar of the northern marshes; the striped hyena, still found on Mount Carmel; the widespread jackals running free between the cages as scaven- gers ; the array of native hawks and vul- tures; the water birds and waders; and among the snakes and lizards and turtles the species that I had long known as mu- seum specimens but never before had seen in their natural coloration and in their own modes of locomotion and behavior.

The fish are one of the silver-colored varieties of goldfish. A full account of the exhibit of photographs is on page 5. What is the function of such a collec- tion, kept at so great an expenditure of time and effort? The zoo is maintained as a means of teaching natural history to the students of the Institute, which prepares teachers for the elementary and secondary schools of Israel.

It is a tool used to teach the teacher-trainees. It is not for children, or for the general public, or even for the graduate teachers. Its program was started by Professor Jehoshua Margulin, who, a generation ago, found the prospective teachers learning natural history from Ger- man or English textbooks and wholly ig- norant about the native life of Palestine. He set about remedying this situation first of all by making a radical change in his own life, from a characteristically rabbinical and bookish training to the life of a field natural- ist.

This took him back to Europe for zoological studies and then again to Pales- tine to introduce the teaching of teachers by the use of living animals. His success is reflected in the rise of the small outpost museums that are now to be found, literally from Dan to Beersheba. I believe that the "Museum Idea" so captures the imagination of the teachers trained at the Biological Pedagogical Insti- tute that another generation will see in Israel the most museum-minded population, with the largest proportion of enthusiastic naturalists, of any country in the world.

Daily Guide-Lectures Free guide-lecture tours are offered daily except Sundays under the title "Highlights of the Exhibits. According to tradi- tion the weather on this day is very impor- tant because it is an omen of good or bad luck for planting and sowing. The ground- hog, also known as woodchuck or marmot, is the medium through which the meaning of the hidden knowledge is revealed. On this fateful day, the woodchuck breaks its winter sleep and leaves its den.

If the day is clear and the animal sees its shadow on the ground, it hurries back to the burrow for six weeks more of hiber- nation. This means that spring will be late and the crops poor. If the day is cloudy and no shadow is cast, an early spring with a good harvest is foretold, and the groundhog stays abroad. This brings up the subject of how the woodchuck prepares itself to enact the role of an oracle.

Throughout the summer, the groundhog fattens itself in anticipation of winter's scarcity. When ready for hibernation, it selects a suit- able den. This may be a burrow in the woods, the hollow base of a stump, or a hole along a hedgerow. Usually, the entrance to the den has a southern exposure and the nesting chamber, unless it is a well-insulated haystack, is deep enough to be below the frost line.

Ac- commodated in its nest, the woodchuck goes into a state of deep hibernation, or torpor, by steps lasting several days, even weeks. This is followed by drowsiness that may lapse into a light sleep or revert to sluggish wakefulness. The woodchuck seesaws be- tween these preliminary stages for several days and may even return to a very brief period of activity. Finally, it curls up into a ball and passes from the dormancy of a warm-blooded animal to a condition of tor- por analogous to that of a nearly frozen reptile or amphibian.

The drop in body temperature is protracted over the course of days, sometimes weeks, and is broken by a series of small rises. It adjusts itself finally to within a degree or two of the environmental temperature. At the same time the heart rate drops from a minimum of 80 beats per minute to as few as 4 or 5. The respiratory rate also falls from an active per minute and a quiescent non-hibernating 25 to 30 to an almost unbelievable low of less than one complete respiratory cycle in five min- utes.

One per minute is, however, the average rate of respiration in hibernation. All other vital functions follow suit and the animal becomes stiff, cold to the touch, and Cartoon by Margaret G. Nevertheless, the ground- hog continues to give off perspiration and heat, though in such minuscule quantities that their production can be detected only with special instruments.

This is in marked contrast with the condition of bloodless and coldblooded organisms, whose vital func- tions are completely suspended during hibernation. The woodchuck in torpor is not really so unconscious as it seems.

It can easily be induced to waken by handling, by warming its chamber, or by other mechanical means. Certain internal stimuli, such as a weak sensation of hunger or the urge to mate, may cause the woodchuck to return to a state of normal wakefulness and may even impel it outdoors for a brief excursion that could po. The process of waking is rapid and violent. The heart- beat increases in speed to more than per minute and the rate of respiration to above normal basal level. All these pro- cesses take place concurrently with a rise in heat production that is almost explosive. Fat is the source of the energy expended in waking and leaving the nest.

Such interruptions of deep hibernation during the five or six months of the cold season are frequent and of short duration. After the first of such awakenings the wood- chuck regains the torpid condition within a few hours, certainly within a day, and with little or none of the fluctuations in temperature and rate of vital activities characteristic of the initial process.

As days grow longer and warmer and green shoots begin to appear, the groundhog wakes more fre- quently and spends more time in outdoor wanderings. When in one of these forays it meets its mate, hiberna- tion for the season is over. The existence of specified external factors that cer- tainly oblige the woodchuck to enter hibernation has not been conclusively demon- strated. Low temperature, scarcity of food, and dryness have been suggested but none of these hold. It is no colder in September and Oc- tober when the groundhog goes into hibernation than it is in March and April when it comes out.

Similarly, food is far more abundant in late summer and early fall than in late winter and early spring. Nor- mally, humidity is as high, if not higher, in fall than it is in summer. Laboratory experiments confirm that these external fac- tors as well as others, such as light, darkness, confined air, etc,, have no direct effect in inducing torpor. Undoubtedly, the woodchuck enters hi- bernation in compliance with an inner urge to fulfill a necessary part of its annual life cycle at a certain time. During the late summer and early fall the body of the wood- chuck fills to capacity with energy in the form of fat.

Its reproductive organs however, stay latent until spring. Nevertheless, the device of hibernation provides the means for carrying over to the next season with a minimum of loss the accumulated energy needed for the breeding season. Contrary to the implications of the term, hibernation is not restricted to the calendar winter.

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Many plants and animals start hibernating before the end of summer and continue in a state of torpor through part of spring. In the tropics and even in high latitudes, a long dry summer is charac- terized by a multitude of hibernating or, as it would be called in this case, aestivating plants and animals.

Thus, the crucial part of hibernation is neither the time nor the place but the kind of suspended animation assumed by the organism. In birds and mammals, complete suspen- sion of vital activities means death. The definition of hibernation in the case of warm- blooded animals must be modified, therefore, to indicate a state of torpor acquired through a profound decrease of heat pro- duction accompanied by a lowering of body temperature to within a few degrees of en- vironmental temperature.

This physio- logical condition of hibernation, which must be reversible, rarely obtains in birds, the one authentic example being the poor-will, and is found in few species of mammals, none larger than the woodchuck. True mammal hibernators include some species of temper- ate-zone bats, the hedgehog and African ten- rec, the ground squirrel, chipmunk, prairie dog, jumping mouse, pocket mouse, jerboa.

The spiny anteater of the Australian region is a true hibernator but whether or not its relative, the platypus or duckbill, of Australia and Tasmania can be so classified is not certainly known. A number of carnivores, notably the bear, skunk, badger, and raccoon, are said to hi- bernate. These animals can pass through the preliminary hibernation stages of slug- gishness, drowsiness, and dormancy as de- scribed for the woodchuck, but no farther. They can become completely passive but they never descend to true torpidity. With them there is no appreciable lowering of body temperature and they continue to produce enough heat to remain warm to the touch.

All breed before or during the hibernation period and the female bear even produces and suckles her young during the winter. It seems then that compared with the woodchuck and other true hibernators, the bear, badger, skunk, and raccoon pass the winter in a state of relaxed, rather than partially suspended, animation. Whether or not the woodchuck makes the traditional meteorological test on the second day of February, the devotees of Groundhog Day will not allow the fete to pass by un- observed.

We suspect that while weather conditions at one end of the county may let the groundhog cast its shadow, the over- cast at the other extreme might make for a different story, but still a story that has become a cherished part of American folklore. On its jagged crest is a ragged, cup-shaped depression, little more than a couple of miles across, in which, side by side, lie the two Lakes Balinsasayo at an altitude of about 3, feet. Here Silliman University has a biology station, a lakeside house where I spent a week.

From the crest I could look out to the islands of Cebu and Siquijor, the Straits of Cebu, and the Visayan Sea, and, dimly visible only on good days, Zamboanga far to the south. Inland the view was over rough, wooded slopes and peaks that reach 4, feet with some of the most magnificent forest trees I've seen anywhere. The fading of daylight in the deep little mountain valley where the station stands comes suddenly and early.

Our house was in evening shadow by 3 p. I watched the even- ing happenings. First hornbills crossed high up, from valley wall to valley wall, on their way to some sleeping place; then spine- tailed swifts paid an evening visit and passed on. Not until 6 p. Strangely they did not stop and feed but seemed to hover only a moment, snatching a bite here and there, on the wing. But no, the medium-sized bats were still feeding in the same way. However, two big fruit-bats, real "flying foxes," had come into the trees and were feeding as I expected them to — resting in the trees, snarling, and sending down showers of fruit and seeds.

They provide food for a great many birds as well as the bats. We found seven species of fruit-eating pigeons, a hornbill, and two fiowerpeckers that depend on fruit, as well as many others that do so occasionally, but strangely there are no favorite trees to which great numbers of species and individuals come. Perhaps it's the very abundance of such trees here that makes the concentration about one tree, so striking a feature of the lowlands, unnecessary in these mountains.

Another point is that certain fruit trees are used by only one or two species. For example, the fruit trees fed in by fruit-bats at night were not frequented by any birds in the daytime.

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Another, a small-fruited tree, was frequented only by bulbuls while I watched. Does the abundance of fruiting trees allow each species to choose its own kind of tree, too? There was only one flower-feeder, a sun- bird, at this camp. This reflects a general condition of the Philippines, compared with New Guinea, for example. In the Philip- pines fruit-eaters are common, but flower- feeders few; while in New Guinea flower- feeders including a species-rich family of honey-eaters, many brush-tongued lories, and a couple of sunbirds are as plentiful as fruit-eaters.

Is there a difference in Philippine flowers that has discouraged flower-feeding specialization, or is it a zoo- geographical accident? In my experience, tropical fiowerpeckers tiny, short-billed, mostly brilliantly colored birds have little to do with flowers, despite their name, and are mostly fruit-eaters. I spent some time watching an orange- breasted species. It was always a stolid, inactive bird, even when feeding in a fruit tree. Then, one day I got a surprise when I saw one of these birds moving actively about the twigs and leaves of a tall forest tree, as sprightly as any leaf warbler.

This brought to mind the two very dif- ferent aspects of the diet of these birds and of corresponding modification of the diges- tive system.

They eat fruit and also insects and spiders. The spiders pass down the gullet, into the stomach, and then into the intestine, as is normal for birds. With fruit it is otherwise. Berries are swallowed whole. These pass down the gullet, bypass the small stomach entirely, and go directly into the intestine. Apparently no stomach action is necessary for the intestines to extract the nourishment from the fruit, and the stomach has been modified accordingly.

I wonder if the two types of activity, the lethargic and the sprightly, are also corre- lated? They're certainly adver- tising colors. Hugh Cott, British biologist, showed that, in general, bright-colored birds are poorer in flavor than those whose colors are concealing in effect, and it is reasoned that this is a protection against predators that otherwise might be attracted by the bright colors.

Cott worked mostly with north-temperate forms. I wonder if the same is true of birds of the tropical forests? A viewer that brings out the full depth and color of the slides will also be available. The first group of slides, now completed, is called "Animal Adventures. There are plans for filming future series on birds, American Indians, and other subjects of interest to those who want to build a slide library that encompasses the world.

The slides are particularly desirable because it is too difficult for the Museum visitor to make his own photographs without special equipment. Perhaps at my next stop, in Amio, I will have a chance for some obser- vations along the lines of Cott's. I've just had my first view of a monkey in a treetop. Hitherto, to me, monkeys in the wild have been voices, or confused, rapidly moving shapes in the treetops. But today traveling along the lake shore by canoe, I looked up to see a monkey sitting quietly on a big branch just above me. Through my binoculars I watched him tug thoughtfully at his beard or it may have been her, for females wear beards, too and scratch his back, before melting back into the leafy verdure.

It had looked exactly as I'd expected a monkey in a treetop to look and, as realization so seldom accords with expectation, it's worth noting. Some were small, barely 10 feet long. No one walks anywhere; even tiny children paddle. From the perspective of our camp these little craft with their outriggers, scurrying about the lake, called to mind the long-legged water insects known as water striders.

These bankas are easy to manage really, with the typical steering twist at the end of the paddle stroke. They're difficult to upset but not foolproof, as I found when I tried to launch myself in one not big enough for my weight and found myself standing waist deep in water, with the banka on the bottom under my feet. Mudfish have been introduced into these lakes and thrive in the algae-filled water. They're taken in set lines, tied to sticks 3 to 6 feet long that lean over the water. These set lines completely rim both lakes at lO-tofoot intervals, and in landing a banka anywhere one has to watch not to hit them.

They're all the property of the caretaker of the station, and he says the fish get as long as your arm. To my own knowledge they get to be 14 inches long, for I caught several of that length. Though we didn't feel it here in the Philippines, we could tell it was wintertime farther north, from the migrant birds we saw. In numbers either of species or of indi- viduals they didn't compare with the great numbers of winter migrants that go from North America to Central America in com- parable latitudes.

But here on our lake some were conspicuous. Most noticeable was the swallow, the Old World representa- tive of our barn swallow, that comes here from Asia. They feed over the water, and perch, 40 to 60 strong, on the branches of a dead treetop that has fallen into the lake near camp. Gray wagtails were the next most conspicuous. They're silm, elegant birds of gray, yellow, and white that haunt the water's edge catching insects. When agitated, they move not only the tail but the whole hind part of the body up and down, a trait that has given them not only the English name wagtail but also the scientific one of Motacilla.

Among the other migrants should be especially mentioned the kingfisher of Eurasia, little larger than a sparrow and with a vivid blue back. It perched on the fish poles of the set lines and, when disturbed by me, made little moves not of its tail like the wagtail but of its head in an up-and-down bobbing motion. A sandpiper, like our spotted sandpiper but without the spots, a brown shrike, a tree pipit, and a grass warbler completed the list of migrants seen here.

The swallows feed chiefly low over the lake; the swiftlets feed about the tops of the forest trees. Obviously each could find ample food in either place, but would it be of the. Or is the difference psychological — do they simply "like" dif- ferent kinds of places? On one little arm of the bay I found a place where the remains of many small moths had accumulated. It was a band of floating moth-wings on the water's edge. The band littered with these wings was about 12 feet across and several yards long, blown in by the wind. In one eight-inch circle there were about 50 individual wings.

Evidently a great variety of species was represented, as their colors varied: This year's show, ninth in the series, will be held as usual at Chicago Natural History Museum from February 1 to Haist of Rochester, N. The show is the largest anywhere in the world that is devoted exclusively to nature photographs, and it ranks among the largest photographic exhibits even without respect to the limits of its field. From these about prints and color- transparencies have been selected for exhi- bition. Those to be displayed are the choices of a panel of judges: Wenzel, Cura- tor of Insects. Because this Bulletin went to press before the judges made their decisions, publication of any of the photographs in this issue does not necessarily signify acceptance of the pictures for the exhibit.

The prints will be on public view daily in Stanley Field Hall during the period of the show. The color transparencies will be shown only on the afternoons of two Sun- days, February 14 and 21, at 3 o'clock, when they will be projected in mural size on the screen in the James Simpson Theatre. Music will accompany the showings.

Ad- mission to the Theatre is free, and the general public, as well as members of camera clubs, and others interested in photography, are invited to attend. There are three classifications for both prints and transparencies: Silver medals and ribbons denoting honorable men- tion have been awarded by the Chicago Nature Camera Club to the photographers whose work has been judged the best in each classification.

In addition there are two special medals awarded by the Nature Division of the Photographic Society of America. Winners of medals receive perma- nent recognition also by having their names inscribed on a bronze plaque at the Museum. This plaque is a contribution of Mrs. Myrtle Walgreen, a member of the Chicago Nature Camera Club and in her own right an en- thusiastic photographer. Lectures, Movies Begin March 7. The Silent World, opens the spring season of the Edward E..

Ayer Lecture Foundation's Saturday after- noon lectures with the first midwest pre- sentation of his color motion-picture, "Men- fish of the Deep" on March 6 at 2: Captain Cousteau is co-inventor of the Aqual'. With the aid of the most advanced undersea motion-picture camera. Captain Cousteau brings to his audience the wonder of the "silent world" where he and his "menfish" companions live like fish feet under the sea. His movie is a record of man's newest progress in probing the "incredible realms of nature. A section of the James Simpson Theatre where the programs are presented is reserved for Members of the Museum, each of whom is entitled to two reserved seats.

Requests for these seats should be made in advance by telephone W Abash or in writing. Seats will be held in the Member's name until 2: The children's series given by the Ray- mond Foundation features in its opening program, "Life in a Pond," a movie on plants and animals that inhabit water.

The movies begin on March 6 and continue on each of the nine Saturdays at Dallwig will attempt to answer this basic question with data re- garded as most acceptable by scientists whose lives have been dedicated to research on this and allied subjects. Part of his lec- ture will be devoted to the reproductive processes in plants and animals, illustrated by the Museum exhibit showing the stages in the birth and pre-natal development of a human child. The same lecture will be given at 2 p. Dallwig uses to illustrate his dramatizations.

The Dallwig lectures, increasingly popular with Chicagoans for thirteen past years, opened in January with an attendance breaking all previous records. On Sundays in March Mr. Dall- wig's topic will be "Behind the Scenes in Our Museums. Ingersoll, Washing- ton, D. Chapman, Auckland, New Zealand — 4 algae. New Zealand; William A. Dawson, Los Angeles, Calif. Diller, Cincinnati, Ohio — 44 algae, Ohio; Dr. Doty, Honolulu, Hawaii — 75 algae. Flint, Baton Rouge, La. Silva Forest, Williamsburg, Va. Henry Field, Coconut Grove, Fla.

New York and Illinois; Dr. Komarek, Thomas- ville, Ga. Culbertson, Madi- son, Wis. Du Bois, Urbana, The Department of Anthropology will concentrate all of its efforts upon one ex- pedition, but in number of personnel in- volved, equipment required, and physical immensity of the tasks to be performed, it will be the largest-scale operation of the year. This will be the 20th Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest eleventh sea- son in New Mexico — in the earlier years excavations were made in southwestern Colorado.

Martin, Chief Cu- rator of Anthropology, will, as in past sea- sons, direct the work. His principal asso- ciate will again be Dr. Rinaldo, Assistant Curator of Archaeology. From the remains of villages of prehistoric Indians who have been given the name of Mogol- lones by the archaeologists.

Chief Curator Martin and his diggers each year bring to light additional ancient objects that enable them to re-create the culture and history of the extinct tribe. Some of the sites exca- vated have been buried as long as 4, years. In the season, Martin expects to approach the end of work in New Mexico and plans in succeeding years to follow traces of the movements of these people into areas of Arizona and elsewhere.

They constitute the personnel of the Conover Expedition, financed with funds provided by the late Boardman Conover, a Trustee of the Mu- seum, who died in The Zoological Expedition to Peru will continue its general collecting of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians in the Peruvian highlands and valleys. This year Assistant Taxidermist Celestino Kalinowski hopes to reach several areas of special interest on the Pacific slopes of the Andes. Collecting directed primarily to birds will be continued in Nepal by Dr.

He is superintendent of the Medical Mission to Nepal, and is assisted by his wife. Rabor will continue his general zoological collecting in the Philippine Islands. Rabor in field studies on Philippine birds. Woods, Curator of Fishes, will lead an expedition to southwestern Mexico to collect marine fishes in tidepools of the Acapulco area. He will join at Salina Cruz with shrimp fishermen who always have a byproduct of more than usually interesting fishes from their shrimp-trawling operations.

His collecting has the special purpose of adding information for revision of The Marine Fishes of Panama, one of the Mu- seum's most important publications in this field. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, will visit the Pacific states to study the beetles of the family Histeridae at the California Academy of Sciences and other entomo- logical centers. He will supplement his mu- seum work with field collecting for special groups of beetles and especially for the interesting array of forms that inhabit ro- dent burrows. Associate Curator of Insects Henry S.

Dybas, who will continue his sur- vey of the southeastern United States for the minute leaf-litter insects, will make trips to Georgia and to some of the Gulf states. Local field work will continue, particularly a survey of the fishes of the Chicago region. Bradbury, Artist in the Department of Zoology, aids in this study. It has proved possible to join the last of commercial fishermen of the south end of Lake Michigan and to gain valuable data and collections by working with them.

Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, will spend several months in El Salvador in continuation of volcanological research he began there on a previous expe- dition in Gilpin, Chief Preparator of Fossils. Fossil collecting in England and Scotland will be undertaken by Dr. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, who has specialized in bat studies for many years, will be in charge of the undertaking.

Part of his work on the current project will be conducted in London and in South Africa. Only , paid the nominal admission fee charged on certain days, while 1,, or close to 90 per cent came on the free days — Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays. Although there was some decline from the attendance of the previous year, the attend- ance in remained well above the average level that has prevailed since it first ex- ceeded a million in the middle 's. Traveling exhibits reach hundreds of thousands of pupils in the Chicago schools every two weeks during the school terms and, likewise, thousands of others are reached by the extension lecturers sent out by the Raymond Foundation of the Mu- seum.

The press, radio, television, and other media carry information from the Museum to countless others. Turnbull, Fossil Preparator, will seek fossil fishes and reptiles in a Pennsylvanian deposit of Indiana. Wyant, Curator of Economic Geology, will gather needed specimens of ores in the Lake Su- perior iron areas. The Department of Botany has no ex- peditions scheduled for , but in the summer Dr. I suppose with the sudden downdrafts that occur on these steep slopes the moths are carried from ordinary flight into the water where some predator an insect?

To get anywhere over land in this area, one traverses steep slopes. Perspective sometimes goes curiously awry when des- cending, with the treetops ahead always just below your feet and then the lake, simulating the sky, appearing farther below. It's as if the land had been tilted, and cor- relates with the strange feeling I have had that the island of Siquijor was hanging in the sky, far above the horizon. It takes time for a plains-dweller to get used to mountain views. Here there's also an- other kind that does. Often, on grass or on the leaves, one can see them stretched out at their fullest extent waiting for some- thing to seize.

But the surprising thing, in view of their abundance, is how few actually do bite me. I've only had two or three bites in a week and have seen hundreds of leeches of course if I'd been barefooted it would have been a different story! Mos- quitos aren't bad either — sometimes a few in the forest; but our house, day and night, seems clear of these.

The people here near the mountain top are on the frontier, carving into the original forest and carrying on such old-time prac- tices as rubbing two sticks together to get fire. Yet they're only a half-day's walk from electric refrigerators and a public bus line. What food crops I've seen sweet potato, taro, corn grow poorly. The people are concentrating on abaca, the fiber of which they strip, carry to the coast, and sell. Presumably the popular slogan "Land for the landless" in not too many years will mean deforestation by cutting and burning of these trees — a few years of cultivation, and then the abandonment of these steep rocky slopes as hopeless for further agri- culture, as has happened with the cogon grass slopes lower down that went through the same cycle earlier.

Several men come up here for abaca culture, but only one family, that of the station caretaker, lives here, in a thatched hut overlooking the lake. In addition to other things, he runs a line of pig traps, the "balatics," of which I've been warned. In addition there's a trigger arrangement and the trip string, which you pull to set it off. Some birds are extremely elusive, like the tailorbird, a gray rufous-crowned warbler whose "sewn" nest gives it its name.

The song of "teg-wa-tee" that the boys say is its song comes from everywhere: When you get close, you hear a few warning chirps and it is gone, a vaguely seen shape and a few shaking leaves, skulking away into the shrubbery. I've learned little of it, but at least I've seen it. When I leave a forest camp I wonder how many birds I've been unable to find, birds that were there but escaped me. But here there are two such species that call continually from the forest edge, as if to taunt us with the fact that we were unable to find them.

One is a typical coueal call, "bub-bub-bu-bu-bu," and probably belongs to a forest coueal that at my approach creeps away through the shrubbery. The other is certainly the call of a brush cuckoo, for its song "piet- van-fleet" is one I know well from Malaysia.

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Instead of sneaking away, this bird sits up in some forest tree and by its immobility escapes detection. Our horizon here is limited — not more than two miles across, I'd say, just the rim of our little crater valley. It means our weather can change quickly. Sometimes clouds wreathe our peaks; sometimes they come from below, as one afternoon — the sun was shining when suddenly the wind drove up storm clouds from below.

We didn't see them until they came over the lip of our little valley, with rain and thunder, and then the storm was gone as quickly. The forest was always sopping wet from clouds and rain, uncomfortable to live in when you can't get your clothes dry, but it's a forest filled with a host of interest- ing things and remarkable because it still exists as a forest in this heavily populated, mostly deforested part of the Philippines.

Corporate Member John T. Blauvelt Associate Members Wesley M. Eichler, Daniel Perlman, Robert B. Searle Annual Members George J. Mark- ham, William A. May- nard, Walter J. Haas will spend several months in the field, primarily in observation of the adaptation of invertebrate animals to life under desert conditions. In addition to invertebrates, studies will be made of reptiles, fishes, and other animals. Haas is especially interested in the fresh-water life of isolated rivers in Israel, which will be his principal collecting field, but he may also make zoological explorations on the island of Cyprus.

Before returning to Chicago, Dr. Haas will survey collections in important museums of Switzerland and Germany. Dwight Davis, Curator of Vertebrate Anatomy, left the Museum on January 15 for a six-month leave of absence to fulfill a term as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, where he will conduct a lecture course on compara- tive anatomy and its relationship to paleon- tology.

Julian Steyermark, Cura- tor of the Phanerogamic Herbarium, recently lectured before the Kennicott Club and the Barrington Natural History Society on his experiences in the "lost world" of Venezuela where he led a Museum expedition last year Dr. He worked in the famous sherd library on material relating to the MogoUon culture that his expeditions have been investigating for years and visited a number of sites where the tools of early man, from 6, to 11, years ago, have been found Miss Elaine Bluhm, As- sistant in Archaeology, recently studied san- dals of various archaeological periods in the collections of Arizona State Museum.

Albrecht, accompanied by color mo- tion-pictures, will be presented in the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum on Sunday, February 28, at 2: The lec- turer was formerly a member of the staff of the Department of Zoology at this Museum. Reserved seats are avail- able to members of the Audubon Society or the Museum upon presentation of their membership cards before 2: Harding, a self-trained artist, was born in Massachusetts in and died in He began to paint portraits in In Harding went to St.

Louis with a letter of introduction to General William Clark, who was then Governor of Missouri and Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the western regions General Clark is best known for his part in the Lewis and Clark explorations of the West. General Clark helped Harding obtain a studio and gave him his first portrait commission in St. Of this incident Harding wrote, "I was decidedly happy in my likeness of him, and, long before I had finished his head, I had others engaged; and for fifteen months I was kept constantly at work.

Louis, the grandniece of General William Clark. Standley, Curator Emeritus of the Herbarium, has been appointed by Dr. Juan Manuel Galvez, President of Hon- duras, as technical advisor ad honorem in the botany department of the republic's Ministry of Agriculture. The appointment was recommended by Don Benjamin Mem- breiio.

Stand- ley, who now lives in Honduras, recently lectured on plants poisonous to stock in a special course in veterinary science at Tegucigalpa Louis he plans to address the St. Its horns are the longest of any wild sheep, measuring about 70 inches on the curve and 45 inches from tip to tip. The speci- mens in the Museum habitat group shown on our cover were shot by Kermit Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. Because the native haunts of these animals lie behind the Iron Curtain, the rest of the world can expect no further specimens until that barrier is lifted.

Andean art at the Museum of Modern Art Dr. The Museum is one of the co-operating employers in the work-study program of the college. Pearse presented valuable collections of botanical and zoological books. The four classes that were planned to help the girls meet the requirements for the award of Girl Scout nature-proficiency badges covered mammals, wild plants and trees, birds, and rocks and minerals. These lecture-movie programs are pro- vided by the Edward E. Ayer Lecture Foundation and will begin on Saturday afternoon, March 6, and continue on every Saturday thereafter through April They will be given in the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum at 2: It is necessary to restrict admission to adults because of limited accommodations.

For children, free motion-picture programs are given in the Theatre on the mornings of the same Satur- days under the auspices of the Raymond Foundation. Following are dates, titles, and lecturers in this season's series for adults: March 6 — Menfish of the Deep Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau The exotic and almost unbelievable world that exists below the sea has yielded some of its secrets to Jacques- Yves Cousteau and his companions who, with the aid of the Aqualung, are able to live under water like fish down to depths of feet.

As the "menfish" swim slowly and effortlessly through the "basement of the world" they come upon fascinating animal life never before seen. With this showing of his film Captain Cousteau will make the first Midwest appearance on his American tour to introduce to the sound-filled world above the sea the silent one below. This film is reputedly the only one that gives complete coverage to this important and colorful part of the United States. Atlantic City's famous board walk, the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, the crabbing in- dustry at Chesapeake Bay, the colonial charm of Jamestown and Williamsburg, the wildlife of the Everglades, the shrimp fleet at Key West, porpoise fishing in Florida Bay — all are highlighted in Mr.

Gromer's lecture and movie. March 20 — New Zealand Highlights Dr. Bailey New Zealand is a land no larger in area than Colorado, but its size is no indication of the variety in scenery and man-made wonders that it offers the visitor. Rugged wave-washed cliffs and beautiful sand beaches, backwood villages and modern cities, the place made famous as Cape Kid- nappers by Captain James Cook who named it after trouble with the Maoris — Dr.

Bailey, Director of the Denver Museum of Natural History, has photographed all of these with an understanding of the distinct character of this country and a sense of the drama inherent in the life of all peoples. A sec- tion of the Theatre is allocated to Members of the Museum, each of whom is entitled to two reserved seats.

Requests for these seats should be made in advance by telephone WAbash or in writing, and seats will be held in the Member's name until 2: Oliver Milton is one of these game rangers — his bailiwick is a huge 18,mile area in Africa's last great frontier region — the territory of Tan- ganyika. His work provides rich oppor- tunities for seeing Africa's remaining big game in an undisturbed state. Those who were introduced to this part of the world's untrammeled jungles in the movies "King Solomon's Mines" and "The Snows of Kili- manjaro" will appreciate the opportunity to see more of this country filmed by a man who has made the jungles his home.

April 3 — Italian Interlude Dr. Hooper, who call themselves "vagabonds with cameras" have traveled to many places to record in pictures the distinct character of the countries and people they visit. Their film on Italy opens in the cosmopolitan city of Rome where the citi- zens live in and around the stone relics of a civilization that was old when Christ was born. North of Rome is the city of Florence, now the art center of the world, where the Hoopers have photographed the modern Italian artists at work.

Then on to Venice, Milan, Sienna — all familiar places, at least in name. The film-lecture ends with a century-old festival and procession. Hermes In the hit musical "South Pacific" there is a song that tells the yearning of most people "for another island" — one "where they know they would like to be. He found that islands have a very special charm also for birds and animals who seek sanctuary there just as mankind does. His travel-talk is about his experience in living in the miniature worlds surrounded by water. April 17— Turkey Karl Robinson Mr. Robinson's colorful films are a photo- graphic record of the Moslem world's most progressive republic.

Straddling the Dardanelles, Turkey lies in both Europe and Asia and its culture is a composite of both European and Asiatic influences. Common borders with Communistic Bul- garia in the west and Soviet Russia in the east make Turkey's geographic position one of great importance to the Atlantic Pact nations.

April 24 — Wildlife of Wisconsin Cleveland P. Grant You may think you are familiar with the birds and flowers you see from day to day, but it takes the perceptive eye and extensive knowledge of a naturalist like Cleveland P. Grant to produce films that make you really aware of the natural wonders around you. Grant's movie, which has many se- quences of song and game birds and of plant and animal life, shows the most beautiful of midwest scenery as well.

This film will be a happy reminder of the many things there are to see in our own corner of the world. Curator Roy to Study Volcanoes Dr. He will con- tinue the work on volcanoes that he started in , with especial stress on Izalco, an active volcano that has been erupting ever since it was born in Izalco, now over 4, feet high, has discharged more lava than any other volcano of its kind and age. It ranks among the most active volcanoes of the world and it offers an excellent oppor- tunity to study volcanism first-hand.

An exhibit illustrating mineral fluores- cence can be seen in Hall Therefore, unless a scrapbook has been kept, it is difficult to fit the various facets of this re- markable story together into a continuous whole. The nets are lowered into the water for the taking of smelt as the 6sh move along the shore during their spawning run. The fish are removed with small dip nets. The lake-trout fishermen on Lake Superior have recently been blaming poor fishing on the smelt. They claim that the trout leave the banks where they formerly fed and where a successful gill-net fishery was operated and that they now are found only on the grounds where there are smelt.

This explanation is based on the observation that those trout that are caught are always crammed with smelt. On the other hand, during the late 's and for the past four or five years the catch of smelt has been quite large, in some places the most abundant fish caught, thus adding to the income and sport of many individuals. Smelt, rather than being predators upon the more valuable species, are instead preyed upon by lake trout and walleyes and are a principal source of food for these fishes.

Re- cently the smelt have been reported by fishermen to be feeding extensively upon small sea lampreys and if this habit is wide- spread the smelt may play a part in helping to keep this pest under control. The smelt in the Great Lakes except Lake Ontario are all believed to be descended from a successful planting, in , of 16,, eggs in Crystal Lake, Benzi County, Michigan.

However, it was not until that the first fish were noticed, and the first large spawning run occurred in In they were first collected in Lake Michigan, having escaped from Crystal Lake by an outlet. In they were in Lake Huron and by had reached Lake Erie. They seem not to have invaded Lake Su- perior until or Their spread down the west shore of Lake Michigan and to the southern parts of the eastern shore was delayed until but by all suit- able waters of Lake Michigan were occu- pied.

From through large runs occurred every spring. It was no- ticed while keeping records on the disper- sal that generally about five years after the smelt were first reported in an area the first spawning occurred there. The annual yield of smelt in the Great Lakes is not known, but the production in Lake Michigan alone in has been estimated to have reached nearly 14,, pounds.

This was about two-thirds of the entire catch reported for Lake Michigan that year and about one-seventh of the reported total catch for all species in all the Great Lakes. By the end of the month the smelt were dying at Mackinac and by mid-November the "kill" had reached Grand Traverse. Smelt fishing in January and February, , flourished in Green Bay but by mid-March the fishery had collapsed completely.

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By the spring spawning season in only a few survivors were left. Whatever was killing the smelt was pro- gressive over a period of four and one-half months, and only smelt, of all ages and in all waters freely connected with Lakes Mich- igan and Huron, were affected. Smelt in Lake Superior and Lake Erie were not killed.

The total loss of smelt in the period be- tween and was estimated to be 50,, pounds. John Van Oosten of the Fish and Wildlife Service, after a careful survey of the situation, concluded that a virus or bacterial disease was re- sponsible for the mortality. Smelt "kills" have been recorded in many New England lakes where smelt were indigenous or intro- duced, as in Lake Champlain during the summer of when for about a week the lake was covered with dead floating smelt and the fishery suddenly declined, indicating that the stock had been greatly reduced. Occasionally during the spawning season a storm hits the exhausted fish tossing them onto the shore and causing great local mor- tality.

But aside from Van Oosten's sup- position that the widespread deaths may have been caused by an infectious disease the only explanation previously offered was "death due to obscure causes, as among higher animals. There was further improvement in subsequent years, and in the population was nearly re- covered with Michigan alone producing over a million pounds. In there was an extremely heavy run and it is believed that now their numbers equal the pre-mortality years. The smelt is so well known as to require little description other than that it is a small 7 to 14 inches transparent olive-green fish of slender form with a long pointed head, large eyes, and deeply forked tail.

This description is a little too general and to it must be added that between the soft-rayed fin of the back and the tail there is a small fin without rays adipose fin such as white- fish, trout, and salmon possess. These fishes are near relatives of the smelt and, except for a few minor anatomical peculiarities, smelt and salmon would be in the same family. Smelt are best known as marine fish, the species Osmerus mordax Mitchill ranging in the western North Atlantic from Lab- rador to New York.

In the sea as in fresh water, smelt gather inshore in winter and with the onset of warmer water in the spring run a short distance up streams to spawn. They have naturally become landlocked in fresh water, as in Lake Champlain and other New England lakes where they are con- sidered to be indigenous, and they have been widely introduced into lakes large enough and deep enough to offer a cool retreat into deep water in summer.

The smelt eggs in- troduced into Crystal Lake were from a landlocked population from a hatchery at Green Lake, Maine. In Lake Champlain there appear to be two races, a normal-sized and a dwarf race. In the fall they move to the harbor mouths and are present in inshore waters all winter, even entering brackish water. They enter fresh water and begin the upstream migration when suffi- ciently high temperature has been reached. The spawning run begins at 40 to 42 degrees Fahrenheit and reaches its height at 50 to 57 degrees.

In fresh water after spawning, smelt do not immediately seek the deeper waters of the lake but gradually as the summer pro- gresses go into deeper and deeper water. They appear to avoid water with a tempera- ture higher than 59 degrees. This simple explanation for their retreat into deeper water is complicated by the fact that smelt avoid bright light. In the spring the waters are generally murky when they make their spawning runs, and as the waters become more transparent in summer so that the light penetrates more freely the smelt may be influenced to move into deeper water.

This latter supposition is supported by their occasional appearance at the surface in sum- mer late in the evening when the direct rays of the sun are no longer on the water. Generally during the summer the smelt in Lake Michigan live at depths of fifteen to nineteen fathoms where they are active enough to get tangled in gill-nets and where they may also be taken on hook and line. During the spawning season apparently most smelt do not feed at all since nearly all stomachs examined at that time have been found to be empty.

Young smelt, one to three inches, as would be expected, eat plankton, chiefly crustaceans such as waterfleas and copepods, but they occasionally also eat one of their own species and fill out their diet with roti- fers, algae, insect larvae, and pupae. Studies made of more than 3, smelt from Green Bay collected throughout the year showed that only 6. All the rest were subsisting on invertebrates, especially on prawns My sis , scuds Amphipoda , mol- lusca, and worms.

No lake trout were found in any stomachs apparently for the reason that lake trout small enough to be preyed upon by smelt live in water so shal- low that the smelt do not find them. Rarely whitefish and lake chubs are eaten but none were recorded in the above-mentioned study. Separate studies made in Green Bay, at Manitoulin Island, and in Lake Champlain have generally agreed in indicating a largely invertebrate diet, but in Crystal Lake a study made of smelt showed a predomi- nant minnow diet, 97 per cent lake shiner, with only a few invertebrates eaten.

This sample was taken September 1, a season when both smelt and lake shiners begin to gather in shoal waters and this factor com- bined with the small number of stomachs examined probably does not give a repre- sentative picture of their diet. Und das ist auch der Trick dabei. War seit dem 1. Die Creme ist bei manchen in der schwangerschaft beste salbe gegen. Auch in der Schwangerschaft selbst. Jede zweite Frau bekommt in der Schwangerschaft Krampfadern an den Beinen.

Jahrhunderts erfand ein Apotheker in Dresden die erste Zahnpasta in der heutigen Form. Dadurch hatte die Paste einen zu hohen Abrieb. Auch Make-up sollte nicht direkt auf die frische Narbe gebracht werden. Denken Sie daran, die Haut hilft sich selbst am besten. Bauchnabel Schwangerschaftsstreifen 0 5l Im Verlauf der Krankheit nimmt die Beweglichkeit ab, das Gelenk verformt sich. Weil es dir einfach nicht lag?

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