Natural Forms of Defense Against Biological, Chemical and Nuclear Threats

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  • Weapon of mass destruction

    • Index Copernicus Value Bioterrorism is the use of biological warfare agents which harms mankind. Biodefense involves medical measures to protect against biological agents. The journal is using Editorial Manager System for quality peer-review process.

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    Editorial Managing System is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system, hopefully to publication. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions to the editor. Submit manuscript at http: Bio surveillance is a process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information that might relate to disease activity and threats to human, animal, or plant health.

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    For the public health professional, bio surveillance activities range from standard epidemiological practices to advanced technological systems, utilizing complex algorithms. It is important for local health officials to have a heightened awareness of bio surveillance programs at the federal, state, and local levels.

    Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents like bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. Biological agents spread through the air, water, or in food. Some can also spread from person to person and very hard to detect.

    Anthrax, botulism, Ebola and other haemorrhagic fever viruses, plague , or smallpox could be used as biological agents. Biodefense uses medical measures to protect people against bioterrorism, includes medicines and vaccinations. It also includes medical research and preparations to defend against bioterrorist attacks. A biological agent also called bio-agent, biological threat agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon , or bioweapon is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterrorism or biological warfare BW.

    Biological agents have the ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively mild allergic reactions to serious medical conditions, including death. Many of these organisms are ubiquitous in the natural environment where they are found in water, soil, plants, or animals. Bio-agents may be amenable to "weaponization" to render them easier to deploy or disseminate.

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    Genetic modification may enhance their incapacitating or lethal properties, or render them impervious to conventional treatments or preventives. Biosecurity has multiple meanings and is defined differently according to various disciplines.

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    Please fill in a complete birthday Enter a valid birthday. Kennedy spoke of not filling space "with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding. Archived from the original on The way that a biological weapon is used depends on several factors. Biological warfare BW also known as germ warfare is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. During the Cold War , the term "weapons of mass destruction" was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons.

    The original definition of biosecurity started out as a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases in crops and livestock, quarantined pests, invasive alien species, and living modified organisms. The National Academies of Science define biosecurity as "security against the inadvertent, inappropriate, or intentional malicious or malevolent use of potentially dangerous biological agents or biotechnology, including the development, production, stockpiling, or use of biological weapons as well as outbreaks of newly emergent and epidemic disease".

    Biological hazards , also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism , virus or toxin from a biological source that can affect human health. It can also include substances harmful to other animals.

    A biological attack, or bioterrorism , is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops. Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax , is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack. Biological warfare BW also known as germ warfare is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

    Biological weapons often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents" are living organisms or replicating entities viruses, which are not universally considered "alive" that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. Entomological insect warfare is also considered a type of biological weapon. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and chemical warfare, which together with biological warfare make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare using weapons of mass destruction WMDs.

    None of these are conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential.

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    Bioterrorism agents are living organisms, such as bacteria , viruses , or fungi , or toxins that are deliberately used to sicken and kill. They may be used by terrorists partially because of their psychological impact on the public and partially because they can be deadly, are easy to distribute, are a relatively inexpensive weapon, and are difficult to detect. Bioterrorism agents have been used in acts of warfare for thousands of years. This has included dipping arrows into toxins, poisoning food and water supplies, and deliberately spreading deadly infections.

    Bioterrorism agents can be carried in food products, dispersed into the air or drinking water, introduced into crops and livestock. A public health perspective - Medical Journal ,probiotics and health. Biodefense refers to short term, local, usually military measures to restore biosecurity to a given group of persons in a given area who are, or may be, subject to biological warfare — in the civilian terminology, it is a very robust biohazard response.

    It is technically possible to apply biodefense measures to protect animals or plants, but this is generally uneconomic. However, protection of water supplies and food supplies are often a critical part of biodefense. Various definitions of biosafety emerged in different professions to guarantee non-human health. Biodefense is most often discussed in the context of biowar or bioterrorism , and is generally considered a military or emergency response term.

    Biodefense applies to two distinct target populations: A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

    Nuclear terrorism denotes the detonation of a yield-producing nuclear bomb containing fissile material by terrorists. Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of defending information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take e. Sometimes referred to as computer security, Information Technology security is information security applied to technology.

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