Flores Sem Fruto (Portuguese Edition)

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These courses are also available with a tutor. Do the placement test. In the A1 Level , students will understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at responding to very specific situations. They will learn to introduce themselves and others, and ask and answer questions about personal details such as where they live, people they know and things they have.

They will learn to interact in a simple way, provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help. No prior knowledge is required to enroll in the course. In the A2 Level , students learn to understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to immediate and relevant areas e. They learn to communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters, and to describe in simple terms aspects of their background, close environment and matters in areas of immediate need.

In the B1 Level , students will understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. They can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. They can enter conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life. They can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions, as well as briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. In the B2 Level , students will understand extended speech and lectures and follow even complex lines of argument provided the topic is reasonably familiar.

Writers on historical subjects were usually friars who worked in their cells and not, as in the sixteenth century, travelled men and eyewitnesses of the events they describe. They occupied themselves largely with questions of form and are better stylists than historians. Frei Bernardo de Brito begins his work with the creation and ends it where he should have begun; he constantly mistakes legend for fact, but was a patient investigator and vigorous narrator.

Frei Luis de Sousa, the famous stylist, worked up existing materials into the classical hagiography "Vida de D. Ecclesiastical eloquence was at its best in the seventeenth century and the pulpit filled the place of the press of to-day. The discourses and devotional treatises of the Oratorian Manuel Bernardes, who was a recluse, have a calm and sweetness that we miss in the writings of a man of action like Vieira and, while equally rich, are purer models of classic Portuguese prose.

He is at his best in "Luz e Calor" and the "Nova Floresta". Letter writing is represented by such master hands as D. Affectation continued to mark the literature of the first half of the eighteenth century, but signs of a change gradually appeared and ended in that complete literary reformation known as the Romantic Movement.

Distinguished men who fled abroad to escape the prevailing despotism did much for intellectual progress by encouragement and example. Verney criticized the obsolete educational methods and exposed the literary and scientific decadence in the "Verdadeiro Methodo de Estudar", while the various Academies and Arcadias, wiser than their predecessors, worked for purity of style and diction, and translated the best foreign classics. The Academy of History, established by John V in in imitation of the French Academy, published fifteen volumes of learned "Memoirs" and laid the foundations for a critical study of the annals of Portugal, among its members being Caetano de Sousa, author of the voluminous "Historia da Casa Real", and the bibliographer Barbosa Machado.

The Royal Academy of Sciences , founded in , continued the work and placed literary criticism on a sounder basis, but the principal exponents of belles-lettres belonged to the Arcadias. Of these the most important was the Arcadia Ulisiponense established in by the poet Cruz e Silva --"to form a school of good example in eloquence and poetry"—and it included the most considered writers of the time. The bucolic verse of Quita has the tenderness and simplicity of that of Bernardin Ribeiro, while in the mock-heroic poem, "Hyssope", Cruz e Silva satirizes ecclesiastical jealousies, local types, and the prevailing gallomania with real humour.

Intestine disputes led to the dissolution of the Arcadia in , but it had done good service by raising the standards of taste and introducing new poetical forms. Unfortunately its adherents were too apt to content themselves with imitating the ancient classics and the Quinhentistas and they adopted a cold, reasoned style of expression, without emotion or colouring.

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Their whole outlook was painfully academic. Many of the Arcadians followed the example of a latter-day Maecenas, the Conde de Ericeira, and endeavoured to nationalize the pseudo-classicism which obtained in France. In the "New Arcadia" came into being and had in Bocage a man who, under other conditions, might have been a great poet. His talent led him to react against the general mediocrity and though he achieved no sustained flights, his sonnets vie with those of Camoens. This turbulent priest constituted himself a literary dictator and in "Os Burros" surpassed all other bards in invective, moreover he sought to supplant the Lusiads by a tasteless epic, "Oriente".

He, however, introduced the didactic poem, his odes reach a high level, and his letters and political pamphlets display learning and versatility, but his influence on letters was hurtful. The first versified in a philosophic and tender strain, the second sketched the custom and follies of the time in quintilhas of abundant wit and realism, the third spent a long life of exile in Paris in reviving the cult of the sixteenth-century poets, purified the language of Gallicisms and enriched it by numerous works, original and translated.

Though lacking imagination, his contos, or scenes of Portuguese life, strike a new note of reality, and his blank verse translation of the "Martyrs" of Chateaubriand is a high performance. Shortly before his death he became a convert to the Romantic Movement, for whose triumph in the person of Almeida Garrett he had prepared the way. During the eighteenth century the colony of Brazil began to contribute to Portuguese letters. It is written in blank verse and has some notable episodes. The passages descriptive of native customs are well written and these poems are superior to anything of the kind produced contemporaneously by the mother country.

Though a Court returned to Lisbon in , it preferred, for one hundred and fifty years, Italian opera and French plays to vernacular representations. Early in the eighteenth century several authors sprung from the people vainly attempted to found a national drama. Their pieces mostly belong to low comedy.

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The latter divided his attention between heroic comedies and comedies de capa y espada and, though wanting in ideas and taste, they enjoyed a long popularity. At the same time the Arcadia endeavoured to raise the standard of the stage, drawing inspiration from the contemporary French drama, but its members lacked dramatic talent and achieved little.

The early nineteenth century witnessed a literary reformation which was begun by Almeida Garrett who had become acquainted with the English and French Romanticism in exile and based his work on the national traditions. The poetry of the austere Alexandre Herculano has a religious or patriotic motive and is reminiscent of Lamennais. Jayme", is sincere, but belongs to the same school which thought too much of form and melody. A fierce pamphlet war heralded the downfall of Castilho and poetry gained in breadth and reality, though in many instances it became non-Christian and revolutionary.

Guerra Junqueiro is mainly ironic in the "Morte de D. Gomes Leal is merely anti-Christian with touches of Baudelaire. The reaction against the use of verse for the propaganda of radicalism in religion and politics has succeeded and the most considered poets of the early twentieth century, Correia de Oliveira , and Lopes Vieira , were natural singers with no extraneous purpose to serve.

After producing some classical tragedies, the best of which is "Cato", Almeida Garrett undertook the reform of the stage on independent lines, though he learnt something from the Anglo-German school.

Flores sem fruto

Anxious to find a national drama, he chose subjects from Portuguese history and, beginning with "An Auto of Gil Vicente", produced a series of prose plays which culminated in "Brother Luiz de Sousa", a masterpiece. The novel is really a creation of the nineteenth century and it began with historical romances in the style of Walter Scott by Alexandre Herculano , to whom succeeded Rebelo da Silva with A Mocidade de D.

His characters live and many of his descriptive and satiric passages have become classical. The Panorama under the editorship of Herculano exercised a sound and wide influence over letters, but since that time the press has become less and less literary and now treats of little save politics. It is a day of national pride similar to the "Independence Day" celebrated in other countries. He accepted an assignment to the consulate of Paris in and remained there until his death on August 16, The books he wrote in Paris are critical of Portuguese society. One of the most successful Mexican films in history, it was also controversial because of its depiction of Catholic priesthood.

Fernando Pessoa — was a Portuguese poet and prose writer. He used heteronyms , where he wrote in different styles as if he were more than one poet.

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One of his most famous works was the epic-lyric poem "Mensagem" Message. Antero de Quental studied at the University of Coimbra , and soon distinguished himself by unusual talent, as well as turbulence and eccentricity. He began to write poetry at an early age, chiefly, though not entirely, devoting himself to the sonnet. He then travelled, engaged on his return in political and socialistic agitations, and found his way through a series of disappointments to the mild pessimism, a kind of Western Buddhism, which animates his latest poetical productions.

His melancholy was increased by a spinal disease, which after several years of retirement from the world, eventually drove him to suicide in his native island. His principal defect is monotony: On the other hand, few poets who have chiefly devoted themselves to this form have produced so large a proportion of really exquisite work.

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The comparatively few pieces in which be either forgets his doubts and inward conflicts, or succeeds in giving them an objective form, are among the most beautiful in any literature. The purely introspective sonnets are less attractive, but equally finely wrought, interesting as psychological studies, and impressive from their sincerity. His mental attitude is well described by himself as the effect of Germanism on the unprepared mind of a Southerner. He had learned much, and half-learned more, which he was unable to assimilate, and his mind became a chaos of conflicting ideas, settling down into a condition of gloomy negation, save for the one conviction of the vanity of existence, which ultimately destroyed him.

A healthy participation in public affairs might have saved him, but he seemed incapable of entering upon any course that did not lead to delusion and disappointment. The great popularity acquired, notwithstanding, by poetry so metaphysical and egotistic is a testimony to the artistic instinct of the Portuguese.

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As a prose writer Quental displayed high talents, though he wrote little. His friend Oliveira Martins edited the Sonnets Porto, , supplying an introductory essay; and an interesting collection of studies on the poet by the leading Portuguese writers appeared in a volume entitled Anthero de Quental.

In Memoriam Oporto, The sonnets have been turned into most European languages; into English by Edgar Prestage Anthero de Quental, Sixty-four Sonnets, London, , together with a striking autobiographical letter addressed by Quental to his German translator, Dr Storck. Although most of his works are lost or out of sight in private collections he was also a painter and a graphic composer of immense talent.

Some of his work was shown, to great surprise and admiration, in at an exhibit on the surrealist movement. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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