A Psychological Approach to Ethical Reality (Advances in Psychology)
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Before the study begins the researcher must outline to the participants what the research is about, and then ask their consent i. However, it is not always possible to gain informed consent.
Where it is impossible for the researcher to ask the actual participants, a similar group of people can be asked how they would feel about taking part. If they think it would be OK then it can be assumed that the real participants will also find it acceptable.
Developing and Practicing Ethics
This is known as presumptive consent. After the research is over the participant should be able to discuss the procedure and the findings with the psychologist.
A article not only demonstrated the diverse beliefs and behaviors in regard to dual relationships but also illustrated how many variables were significantly associated with this diversity. Advances in Applied Developmental Psychology Who is to judge whether the ends justify the means? Knowing the actuarial data about challenging and high-risk aspects of practice can help ensure that psychologists approach these areas with adequate care and thoughtfulness. Surveys use various forms of random sampling to obtain a sample of respondents that are representative of a population. The Australian Psychological Society.
They must be given a general idea of what the researcher was investigating and why, and their part in the research should be explained. Participants must be told if they have been deceived and given reasons why. They must be asked if they have any questions and those questions should be answered honestly and as fully as possible.
Debriefing should take place as soon as possible and be as full as possible; experimenters should take reasonable steps to ensure that participants understand debriefing. Researchers must ensure that those taking part in research will not be caused distress. They must be protected from physical and mental harm. This means you must not embarrass, frighten, offend or harm participants.
Ethics & Malpractice
Normally, the risk of harm must be no greater than in ordinary life, i. The researcher must also ensure that if vulnerable groups are to be used elderly, disabled, children, etc. For example, if studying children, make sure their participation is brief as they get tired easily and have a limited attention span. This is where participants are misled or wrongly informed about the aims of the research.
Types of deception include i deliberate misleading, e.
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
The researcher should avoid deceiving participants about the nature of the research unless there is no alternative — and even then this would need to be judged acceptable by an independent expert. However, there are some types of research that cannot be carried out without at least some element of deception. In reality, no shocks were given and the learners were confederates of Milgram. This is sometimes necessary in order to avoid demand characteristics i.
Another common example is when a stooge or confederate of the experimenter is used this was the case in both the experiments carried out by Asch. However, participants must be deceived as little as possible, and any deception must not cause distress.
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- Download PDF by K. Hillner: A Psychological Approach to Ethical Reality - Home Books;
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Researchers can determine whether participants are likely to be distressed when deception is disclosed, by consulting culturally relevant groups. If the participant is likely to object or be distressed once they discover the true nature of the research at debriefing, then the study is unacceptable. The true nature of the research should be revealed at the earliest possible opportunity, or at least during debriefing. Participants, and the data gained from them must be kept anonymous unless they give their full consent.
Download PDF by K. Hillner: A Psychological Approach to Ethical Reality
No names must be used in a research report. What do we do if we find out something which should be disclosed e. Researchers have no legal obligation to disclose criminal acts and have to determine which is the most important consideration: Ultimately, decisions to disclose information will have to be set in the context of the aims of the research.
Participants should be able to leave a study at any time if they feel uncomfortable.
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