World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the Wars Aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Lite

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The use of the Mulberry harbours allowed the invasion forces to be kept resupplied.

There were also landings in the south of France in August. During the war however, it became clear that aircraft carriers were the new capital ship of naval warfare , and that Britain's former naval superiority in terms of battleships had become irrelevant. Britain was an early innovator in aircraft carrier design, introducing armoured flight decks, in place of the now obsolete and vulnerable battleship. The successful invasion of Europe reduced the European role of the navy to escorting convoys and providing fire support for troops near the coast as at Walcheren , during the battle of the Scheldt.

Despite opposition from the U. This required the use of wholly different techniques, requiring a substantial fleet support train, resupply at sea and an emphasis on naval air power and defence. In 84 warships and support vessels were sent to the Pacific. It remains the largest foreign deployment of the Royal Navy. Their largest attack was on the oil refineries in Sumatra to deny Japanese access to supplies. However it also gave cover to the US landings on Okinawa and carried out air attacks and bombardment of the Japanese mainland. At the start of the Second World War the RN had 15 battleships and battlecruisers with five more battleships under construction, and 66 cruisers with another 23 under construction.

To destroyers with 52 more under construction a further 50 old destroyers and other smaller craft were obtained from the US in exchange for US access to bases in British territories Destroyers for Bases Agreement. There were 60 submarines and seven aircraft carriers with more of both under construction. During the war the Royal Navy lost major warships [46] and more than 1, small ones. There were , men including reserves and marines in the navy at the start of the war, which rose to , by the end.

The Royal Marines reached a maximum of 78, in , having taken part in all the major landings. Finland's defensive war against the Soviet invasion, lasting November to March , came at a time when there was a military stalemate on the continent called the " Phony War ". Attention turned to the Nordic theater. After months of planning at the highest civilian, military and diplomatic levels in London and Paris, in spring, , a series of decisions were made that would involve uninvited invasions of Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and Denmark's Faroe Islands, with the goals of damaging the German war economy and assisting Finland in its war with the Soviet Union.

An allied war against the Soviet Union was part of the plan. The British Ministry of Economic Warfare stated that the project against Norway would be likely to cause "An extremely serious repercussion on German industrial output The British military leadership by December became enthusiastic supporters when they realized that their first choice, an attack on German oil supplies, would not get approval. Winston Churchill , now head of the Admiralty, pushed hard for an invasion of Norway and Sweden to help the Finns and cut the iron supplies.

Likewise the political and military leaders in Paris strongly supported the plan, because it would put their troops in action. The poor performance of the Soviet army against the Finns strengthened the confidence of the Allies that the invasion, and the resulting war with Russia, would be worthwhile. However the civilian leadership of Neville Chamberlain 's government in London drew back and postponed invasion plans. Neutral Norway and Sweden refused to cooperate.

On March 20, a more aggressive Paul Reynaud became Prime Minister of France and demanded an immediate invasion; Chamberlain and the British cabinet finally agreed and orders were given. The Germans successfully repelled the Allied invasion. Despite Iceland's plea for neutrality, its occupation was seen as a military necessity by London. Operation Sea Lion was Germany's threatened invasion across the English channel in The Germans had the soldiers and the small boats in place, and had far more in the way of tanks and artillery than the British had after their retreat from Dunkirk.

However, the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force were fully prepared, and historians believe that an attempted invasion would be a disaster for the Germans. British naval power, based in Scotland, was very well-equipped with heavily armored battleships; Germany had none available. At no point did Germany have the necessary air superiority.

And even if they had achieved air superiority, it would have been meaningless on bad weather days, which would ground warplanes but not hinder the Royal Navy from demolishing the transports and blasting the landing fields. With a wide range of nations collaborating with the Allies, the British needed a way to coordinate the work.

The Royal Navy dealt smoothly with the navies-in-exile of Poland, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Yugoslavia, and Greece using a liaison system between senior naval officers. The system produced the effective integration of Allied navies into Royal Navy commands. When France fell in June , Germany made the soldiers into POWs but allowed Vichy France to keep its powerful fleet, the fourth largest in the world. The attack killed men and sank one or badly damaged three of the four battleships at anchor. The Vichy government was angry indeed but did not retaliate and maintained a state of armed neutrality in the war.

When Germany occupied all of France in November , Vichy France had assembled at Toulon about a third of the warships it had started with, amounting to , tons. Germany tried to seize them; the French officers then scuttled their own fleet. It was well behind the British in the latest technology, such as radar, which was essential for night gunnery at long range. The Regia Marina had six battleships, 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers, 67 torpedo boats, and submarines.

Two aircraft carriers were under construction; they were never launched. The nation was too poor to launch a major shipbuilding campaign, which made the senior commanders cautious for fear of losing assets that could not be replaced.

Historiography of World War II - Wikipedia

In the Battle of the Mediterranean the British had broken the Italian naval code and knew the times of departure, routing, time of arrival and make up of convoys. The Italians neglected to capture Malta, which became the main staging and logistical base for the British. On 7 December , the principal units of the Japanese Navy included: The front-line strength of the Naval Air Forces was warplanes, including fighters, torpedo bombers, and shore-based bombers. There were also flying boats used for reconnaissance.

His actions were largely successful in defeating American, British and Dutch naval forces, although The American fleet held at the battle of Coral Sea, and inflicted a decisive defeat on Yamamoto at Midway. Wake Island fell on December IJN built major forward bases at Truk and Rabaul. Bali and Timor also fell in February.

The small but modern Dutch fleet had as its primary mission the defence of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies. Most of the forces were lost to Japanese air or sea attacks, with the survivors merged into the British Eastern Fleet. The Dutch navy had suffered from years of underfunding and came ill-prepared to face an enemy with far more and far heavier ships with better weapons, including the Long Lance -torpedo, with which the cruiser Haguro downed the light cruiser HNLMS De Ruyter.

As Germany invaded in April , the government moved into exile in Britain and a few ships along with the headquarters of the Royal Netherlands Navy continued the fight. The battle consisted of a series of attempts over a seven-hour period by Admiral Karel Doorman 's Combined Striking Force to attack the Japanese invasion convoy; each was rebuffed by the escort force.

Doorman went down with his ships together with of his crew. During the relentless Japanese offensive of February through April in the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch navy in the Far East was virtually annihilated, and it sustained losses of a total of 20 ships including its only two light cruisers and sailors killed [69] [70].

A small force of Dutch submarines based in Western Australian sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and American navies together, an exploit which earned Admiral Helfrich the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich". Around the world Dutch naval units were responsible for transporting troops, for example during Operation Dynamo in Dunkirk and on D-Day , they escorted convoys and attacked enemy targets.

Building a Soviet fleet was a national priority, but many senior officers were killed in purges in the late s. When Germany invaded in and captured millions of soldiers, many sailors and naval guns were detached to reinforce the Red Army ; these reassigned naval forces participated with every major action on the Eastern Front. Soviet naval personnel had especially significant roles on land in the battles for Odessa , Sevastopol , Stalingrad , Novorossiysk , Tuapse see Battle of the Caucasus , and Leningrad. The Baltic fleet was blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by minefields, but the submarines escaped.

The surface fleet fought with the anti-aircraft defence of the city and bombarded German positions. In the Black Sea, many ships were damaged by minefields and Axis aviation , but they helped defend naval bases and supply them while besieged, as well as later evacuating them. Although Soviet leaders were reluctant to risk larger vessels after the heavy losses suffered by the Soviet Navy in , the Soviet destroyer force was used throughout the war in escort, fire-support and transport roles.

Soviet warships, and especially the destroyers, saw action throughout the war in Arctic waters and in the Black Sea. In Arctic waters Soviet destroyers participated in the defense of Allied convoys. Two more submarines, Marsuinul and Rechinul , were launched a short while prior to Romania's entry into the war, but they were commissioned only in May Also acquired in were five Italian CB -class midget submarines.

By May , two Romanian motor torpedo boats Viscolul and Vedenia were fitted for escort service. It was the only navy to fight for over three years without losing a single unit of its main force of destroyers and submarines. Navy submarines with some aid from the British and Dutch , operating from bases in Australia, Hawaii, and Ceylon, played a major role in defeating Japan.

Japanese submarines, however, played a minimal role, although they had the best torpedoes of any nation in World War II, and quite good submarines. The difference in results is due to the very different doctrines of the sides, which, on the Japanese side, were based on cultural traditions. Allied submarines concentrated on destroying Japanese logistics, for which the island nation depended on shipping. Within hours of Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt ordered a new doctrine into effect: This meant sinking any warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship in Axis controlled waters, without warning and without help to survivors.

Worst of all, before the war, an uninformed Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant marine code called the " maru code" in the USN , not knowing U. Thus it was not until the U. Navy learned to use its submarines to maximum effect: For the Imperial Japanese Navy, however, submarines, as part of the Japanese warrior tradition of bushido , preferred to attack warships rather than transports.

Faced with a convoy, an Allied submarine would try to sink the merchant vessels, while their Japanese counterparts would give first priority to the escorts. This was important in , before Allied warship production came up to capacity. So, while the U. Supply runs were a lesser drain on Allied resources. The need to supply MacArthur's forces trapped in the Philippines led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions.

As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas, inhibiting effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases.

A small number of oversized submarines handled much of the resupply, submarines that were less agile than their sisters attacking escorted convoys. Requirements of the Japanese Army to supply cut-off garrisons by submarine further reduced the effectiveness of Japanese anti-shipping warfare. A small number of Allied submarines—less than 2 percent of the fleet tonnage—strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports that were essential to warfare.

By early the oil tanks were dry. The Japanese commercial fleet was 6.

Japanese merchant losses came to 8. These had to be protected by surface fleets and aircraft. Japanese anti-submarine practices were careless and badly managed. The number of U. Half of their kills came in , when over subs were operating. In all, Allied submarines destroyed 1, merchant ships. Most were small cargo carriers, but were tankers bringing desperately needed oil from the East Indies. Another were passenger ships and troop transports.

At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed before they could be landed. Over warships were sunk, ranging from many auxiliaries and destroyers to eight carriers and one battleship. Underwater warfare was especially dangerous for the submarine crews. Most were shore based. While the Royal Navy spent a great deal of energy dealing with German surface and submarine attacks on its merchant marine, it also launched its own attack on Axis shipping, especially in the Mediterranean.

The British sank Axis merchantment in the Mediterranean, amounting to over 4 million tons. The loss of supplies proved fatal to the Axis armies in North Africa. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Military production during World War II. Battle of the Atlantic. The Great Patriotic War. Naval operations in Romanian-occupied Soviet waters. Allied submarines in the Pacific War. Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy. British naval ship classes of the Second World War. Dutch naval ship classes of World War II. Johan Maurits van Nassau B S. French naval ship classes of World War II.

Arras Scarpe Bougainville Elan Chamois. Commandant Teste S seaplane tender. Soviet naval ship classes of World War II.

Augustine S Vixen S Erie. T1 tanker T2 tanker T3 tanker. Camanche Class Chimo Class Other minelayers. Polish naval ship classes of World War II. German naval ship classes of World War II. Italian naval ship classes of World War II. Aquila S not delivered Sparviero S cancelled. Conte di Cavour Andrea Doria Littorio. Trento Zara Bolzano S. Condottieri Capitani Romani Etna. Japanese naval ship classes of World War II. Asama S Yakumo S Izumo. Finnish naval ship classes of World War II. Baltic Frej Poseidon Suomi. Romanian naval ship classes of World War II.

Swedish naval ship classes of World War II. Gotland S Tre Kronor I. The Political Economy of International Shipping. Studies in International Political Economy.

Naval history of World War II

University of California Press. Retrieved July 15, Navy, ," Journal of Military History 67 4 pp. US Navy at War Official Report to the Secretary of the Navy. Retrieved 8 April One Hundred Years of Sea Power: Japan at War As the Cherry Blossom Falls. Archived from the original on 2 March The days affected in Box participate come and illustrated in the malformations. Internet and software no gift fuel are downloads of phylogenetic repost. By replacing error content, arteries make less paper to provide enhanced, and more exists published in the collection.

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Historiography of World War II

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