Turkeys Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Cauca

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Coene The Caucasus: De Waal The Caucasus: Forsyth The Caucasus: Companjen et al Eds. Grant The Captive and the Gift: Cultural Histories of Sovereignty in Russia and the Caucasus. Khodarkovsky Bitter Choices: Jaimoukha The Circassians: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus. Jaimoukha The Chechens: Russian hegemony and Islamic resistance in the North Caucacasus. Bennigsen Broxup ed.

The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World. Gammer Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. Crews For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia.

Barrett Thomas M. At the Edge of Empire: Thubron Among the Russians. Derlugian Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus. From Gazavat to Jihad. Suny The Making of the Georgian Nation. Suny Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Pelkmans Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia.

TURKEY AND THE CAUCASUS

Jones The Making of Modern Georgia, The First Georgian Republic and its Successors. Rayfield Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia.

Hasanli Foreign Policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, The Difficult Road to Western Integration. Nagorno Karabakh in Context. Gabriel Almond believes that any regime can survive if society accepts it, and that correct exe- cution of definite functions helps political regimes overcome crises. We should not forget, how- ever, that the current events and the current situation are the direct outcome of changes that took many centuries to be completed. At the same time, transformation of the political structures and balanced development of the political regimes, as well as other phenomena in these countries are inevitable.

All possible repercussions should be taken into account to prevent these republics from falling victim to confrontation with influential external forces much mightier than any of the domestic factors. His most recent works include Turkish-American Relations: Past, Present, and Future ed. Erhan, ; Turkish Foreign Policy: Gavami, Politics of Comparison, p.

Turkey, while enlarging its role. While the emergence of liberal democracies in Eastern Europe created a buffer zone between Western Europe and Russia, Turkey still felt threatened by the uncertainties in its immediate neighborhood. While it was observed that the bipolar system had been radically altered, it became clear that Turkey could no longer sustain parameters of its traditional foreign policy of non-involvement in regional problems, based on the predictability of the Cold War politics.

As Turkey was getting in- creasingly uneasy about its post-Cold War posture, the emergence of newly independent states be- yond its Caucasian border was both a challenge and a thrill.

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As a result, Turkey became the first country to recognize the independence of the new republics; Azerbaijan on 9 December, and the rest on 16 December. In this environment, Tur- key became an important actor in the re- gion as a result of its strong historical con- nections. While Turkey had traditionally avoided involvement in regional politics, it has since been drawn into the volatile new politics of the region. After fifteen years, despite setbacks, Turkey has become one of the important players in a region where it previously had only a marginal influence and no active involvement.

Although eco- nomic and political conditions in the region are unlikely to stabilize for some years, it is without doubt that Turkey will continue to create new networks of interdependen- cy between Ankara and the regional capi- tals. First of all, the changed international environment clearly forced Turkey toward a regional role. Turkey suddenly found itself located at the center of a new political and economic conglomerate, i.

At another level, Turkey expected to gain major economic benefits from the development of closer ties with the newly independent states. Tur- key also discussed the possibility of providing military training to the regional countries, and actively advocated building gas and oil pipelines through Turkey to market the Caspian energy resources.

Thus, by mid Turkey had made a bold bid for influence in the region in the political, financial, cultural, military, and economic areas.

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Turkey Confidential, December , pp. Newspot, 21 May, , p. Each of the countries seek- ing influence in the region had their specific objectives, and the competition among them included eco- nomic, political, ideological and religious dimensions, thus various possibilities for widespread conflict.

Turkey was concerned that Iran would attempt to have an impact on identification of Muslim people throughout the Caucasus and Central Asia , an apprehension shared at the time by the Russian Federation and the West generally. Thus, a competition ensued briefly between the two opposing models of political development for the Turco-Muslim peoples of Eurasia; the secular model of Turkey with its political pluralism and the Islamist model supported by Iran.

However, despite their initial enthu- siasm in approaching these republics, it soon became clear that neither country had enough political cloth and economic power to back up its ambitions. Moreover, since late Moscow, which had no coherent policy earlier on following the dissolution of the U. The concern was exacerbated earlier by the nationalist rhetoric of the President Elchibey in Azerbaijan. These factors also complicated the Karabakh conflict. Although both Turkey and Iran shared similar concerns about the continuation of the Karabakh conflict, there were differences between them about how to solve the problem.

Armenia’s attack on Azerbaijani civilians -

While Turkey attempted to have the conflict dealt with within the OSCE context, Iran, which also has a large Armenian minority, took a more direct approach by negotiating with and attempting to meditate between the two Caucasian republics. Karatnycky, New Nations Rising: The co-chairs called for changing the status quo of occupation by substantive and serious negotiations. This, in addition to Azerbaijan successfully hosting Western-oriented, world-scale events like the recent Formula One, European Games and Eurovision. America should be proactive in supporting its allies.

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Solving Nagorno-Karabakh issue is 'sine qua non'

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