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It was implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, the use of standardized steel shipping containers began during the late s and early s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units. In the U. Army Transportation Corps developed the Transporter, a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry 9, pounds.
It was 8 ft 6 in long,6 ft 3 in wide, and 6 ft 10 in high, with doors on one end, was mounted on skids. After proving successful in Korea, the Transporter was developed into the Container Express box system in late , cONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements. By the US military used some , Conex boxes, making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers. From onwards, engineer Keith Tantlinger repeatedly contributed to the development of containers, as well as their handling, steel castings on the top corners provided lifting and securing points.
In trucking magnate Malcom McLean bought Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company, to form a container shipping enterprise, the first containers were supplied by Brown, where McLean met Keith Tantlinger, and hired him as vice-president of engineering and research. Under the supervision of Tantlinger, a new 35 ft x 8 ft x 8 ft 6 in Sea-Land container was developed, each container had a frame with eight corner castings that could withstand stacking loads.
Port — A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger ships.
Since ports throughout history handled every kind of traffic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, some ports have an important military role. One of the worlds oldest known artificial harbors is at Wadi al-Jarf on the Red Sea, along with the finding of harbor structures, ancient anchors have also been found.
Guangzhou was an important port during the ancient times as far back as the Qin Dynasty, canopus was the principal port in Egypt for Greek trade before the foundation of Alexandria. Ostia Antica was the port of ancient Rome with Portus established by Claudius, Ports often have cargo-handling equipment, such as cranes and forklifts for use in loading ships, which may be provided by private interests or public bodies. Often, canneries or other processing facilities will be located nearby, some ports feature canals, which allow ships further movement inland.
Access to intermodal transportation, such as railroads and highways, is critical to a port, so that passengers, Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. Harbor pilots and tugboats may maneuver large ships in tight quarters when near docks, the terms port and seaport are used for different types of port facilities that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels.
An inland port is a port on a lake, river, or canal with access to a sea or ocean. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Duluth-Superior, a fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the port that depends on an ocean product. In recent decades, regulations to save fishing stock may limit the use of a fishing port, a dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.
A warm-water port is one where the water does not freeze in wintertime, because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest. A seaport is further categorized as a port or a cargo port. Additionally, cruise ports are known as a home port or a port of call. Shipowner — A shipowner is the owner of a merchant vessel and is involved in the shipping industry.
In the commercial sense of the term, a shipowner is someone who equips and exploits a ship, usually for delivering cargo at a certain freight rate, shipowners typically hire a licensed crew and captain rather than take charge of the vessel in person. Usually the shipowner is organized through a company, but also people, shipowners are usually members of a national Chamber of Shipping such as the UK Chamber of Shipping. The International Chamber of Shipping is the organisation for shipownwers and their respective national chambers.
Chartering shipping — Chartering is an activity within the shipping industry. In some cases a charterer may own cargo and employ a shipbroker to find a ship to deliver the cargo for a certain price, a voyage charter is the hiring of a vessel and crew for a voyage between a load port and a discharge port.
The charterer pays the owner on a per-ton or lump-sum basis. The owner pays the costs, fuel costs and crew costs. The payment for the use of the vessel is known as freight, a voyage charter specifies a period, known as laytime, for loading and unloading the cargo. If laytime is exceeded, the charterer must pay demurrage, if laytime is saved, the charter party may require the shipowner to pay despatch to the charterer.
A Contract of Affreightment is a similar to a voyage charter. Agreed frequency of cargoes may require more than one ship, a time charter is the hiring of a vessel for a specific period of time, the owner still manages the vessel but the charterer selects the ports and directs the vessel where to go. The charterer pays for all fuel the vessel consumes, port charges, commissions, a trip time charter is a comparatively short time charter agreed for a specified route only.
A bareboat charter or demise charter is an arrangement for the hiring of a vessel whereby no administration or technical maintenance is included as part of the agreement, the charterer obtains possession and full control of the vessel along with the legal and financial responsibility for it. In this case, a charter is a form of hire-purchase from the owners.
Demise chartering is common for tankers and bulk-carriers, tanker operations, a handbook for the person-in-charge. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal—Spain border is 1, kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.
The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in , Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers.
Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over million Portuguese speakers today.
Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula.
These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians.
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in BC, when a rebellion began in the north. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35, years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors.
Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric.
Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa.
In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries.
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Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth.
Sailor — A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance. Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the operation of an ocean-going vessel.
A ships crew can generally be divided into four categories, the deck department, the engineering department, the stewards department. Officer positions in the department include but are not limited to, master and his chief, second. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the department are able seaman.
With some variation, the mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the officer in case of medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on the bridge, when underway at sea, Marine engineering staff also deal with the hotel facilities on board, notably the sewage, lighting, air conditioning and water systems. Engineering staff manage bulk fuel transfers, from a barge in port.
When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, cleaning of oil purifiers is another regular task. Engineering staff are required to have training in firefighting and first aid, additional duties include maintaining the ships boats and performing other nautical tasks. A typical stewards department for a ship is a chief steward, a chief cook.
All three positions are filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, the steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. A chief stewards duties may overlap with those of the assistant, the chief cook. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology.
In the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in , under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas.
The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese.
No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in , an estimated 1, students were learning Portuguese in Goa.
In , Portuguese became its official language and, in July Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay. Spanish language — Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks.
Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula.
It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than million people speak Spanish as a native language.
Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some million. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. Latin — Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars.
Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy.
The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink.
Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of , square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance.
The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts and These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies.
The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world.
The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since However, on 23 June , a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. Australia — Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east.
Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50, years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January , the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states.
The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom.
The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in , to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December , Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in , the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians.
The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch.
The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early , the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in , in , James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.
The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in , and it became a separate colony in The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in , Victoria in , the Northern Territory was founded in when it was excised from South Australia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Docker disambiguation. For the American band, see Longshoremen band.
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. September Learn how and when to remove this template message. A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping. Archived from the original on Early Steps in the Evolution of an Idea". Random House Unabridged Dictionary http: Banners of the British Labour Movement".
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Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River 2. New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India 6. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft 7.
In its extended usage it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads and its expanded application to motor-powered load carrier has been in usage since , shortened from motor truck, which dates back to 8. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany 9. Under the supervision of Tantlinger, a new 35 ft x 8 ft x 8 ft 6 in Sea-Land container was developed, each container had a frame with eight corner castings that could withstand stacking loads Additionally, cruise ports are known as a home port or a port of call The International Chamber of Shipping is the organisation for shipownwers and their respective national chambers The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in BC, when a rebellion began in the north Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth A chief stewards duties may overlap with those of the assistant, the chief cook Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay The river from the Walkway over the Hudson , looking north.
The river between Hoboken, New Jersey left and Manhattan right.
Lewis Wickes Hine September 26, — November 3, was an American sociologist and photographer. Child laborers in glasswork. Little Lottie, a regular oyster shucker in Alabama Canning Co. Bayou La Batre, Alabama , Headquarters of North German Lloyd in Bremerhaven in Bond of the Norddeutscher Lloyd, issued 1.
North Germany Lloyd's docks in Hoboken, Dock for cruise ships in St Maarten in the Caribbean. A small dry dock in Gloucester , England. The raft is an early means of water-borne transport. Roman trireme mosaic from Carthage, Bardo Museum , Tunis. Replica of a ship, typical of the 10th—14th centuries in Islamic Iberia. A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Freightliner M2 dump truck. Reisszug , as it appears today. An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Ryanair Boeing shortly after take-off.
In there were over 20 million intermodal containers in the world. Freight train carrying containers through West Kingman Canyon, Arizona. Making containers stackable made loading and transport on large ships feasible and efficient. Seaport, a 17th-century depiction by Claude Lorrain , Shanghai Port is the world's busiest container port. Suebic King Miro and St. Martin of Braga from an manuscript of Martin's De virtutibus quattuor. Silves Castle , a Moorish-era fortification in the Algarve.
Celtic castro in Galicia. Toledo , capital of the Visigothic Kingdom. Reccared I and bishops. Council III of Toledo , Codex Vigilanus , fol. Three types of mariners, seen here in the wheelhouse of a ship: Stonehenge , in Wiltshire , was erected around BC. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings , , and the events leading to it. The State House in St. Settled in , the town is the oldest continuously-inhabited English town in the New World. The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain. Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.
Portrait of Captain James Cook , the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in Similar ceremonies are held in many suburbs and towns. Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup. Canada listen ; French: Early 19th century workplace militancy manifested in the Luddite riots , when unemployed workers destroyed labour saving machines. Poster issued by the London Trades Council, advertising a demonstration held on June 2, Labour union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the Lawrence textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Reconstruction of a Single treadwheel crane working from top of the building. Tower crane at the inland harbour of Trier from Kitsilano Beach is one of Vancouver's many beaches. Downtown Vancouver as seen from the Harbour Centre. The bridge on the left is the Granville Street Bridge. Ausbreitung der Hanse um das Jahr Droysens The Hanseatic League was a powerful economic and defensive alliance that left a great cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its Brick Gothic monuments, such as St. Nikolai and the city hall of Stralsund shown here. Town Hall of Reval now Tallinn , Estonia.
Marine salvage is the process of recovering a ship and its cargo after a shipwreck or other maritime casualty. Sir William Phipps used a diving bell to salvage tremendous wealth from a sunken Spanish treasure ship. Refloating of a foot barge at the port of Tampa Florida. A house boat dinghy being salvaged in an Amsterdam canal.
USS ''Regulus'' hard aground in due to a typhoon: Very small freight transporter - a cargo tricycle. Animals used to transport goods - Mules carrying slate roof tiles in India in Container ship at the Port of Helsinki in Finland. Cargolux Boeing F with the nose loading door open. In this collection of essays, Ernie Forbes examines underdevelopment in the Maritimes, historiographical explorations of Atlantic Canadian literature, and briefly discusses topics such as prohibition and the Maritime Rights movement of the s. The Maritime Rights Movement, Forbes presents the progressive character of Maritime Rights through examinations of the social gospel, regional support for Farmer-Labour Party candidates in the elections, and labour struggles in the coal and steel industries.
Broadly, this book is meant to counter the prevailing "Regional Stereotype" that Forbes identifies in traditional Canadian historiography. Louis Riel and the Creation of Modern Canada: Reid's work explores the changing interpretations of Louis Riel in Canadian historiography and memory to provide insight into the nature of the Canadian state and Canadian nationalism.
John Lutz moves beyond older paradigms of Aboriginal History, which posit the subjugation of native peoples either at the moment of contact or with European settlement, to argue that aboriginals were able to co-exist with the developing capitalist economy. Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: University of Toronto Press, , 3rd Edition. Miller argues that aboriginal peoples in Canada have had agency throughout their interactions with Europeans and whites, although he does highlight a number of turning points in which this relationship became uneven.
The challenges faced by aboriginal communities today, he argues, are directly related to European and Canadian government policies towards aboriginals, the racialization of native groups, and the imposition of a paternalistic relationship. Encounters on the Passage: Inuit Meet the Explorers. University of Toronto Press, She particularly focuses on the narratives surrounding the Frobisher expedition, Edward Parry in , and the Franklin Expedition in University of British Columbia Press, Cruickshank examines how environmental change and cross-cultural encounters have been framed through oral history narrative in aboriginal communities of northern British Columbia.
Robin Brownlie seeks to examine the roots of the current plight in Ontario native communities by examining the confluence of Department of Indian Affairs policy and the on-the-ground practices of aboriginal peoples in Ontario during the interwar period. It draws upon Thompsonian culturalism for inspiration, and explores several instances of ethnic and religious practices that intersected with class experience. Dreaming of What Might Be: This book argues that the Knights of Labour in Ontario, traditionally viewed as an outlier to the mainstream labour movement, had a huge impact on class-consciousness in 19th century Canada.
This book examines the Canadian steel industry; Heron pays close attention to the processes of work, class struggle, and macro-economic trends of the earlyth century. The Gender of Breadwinners: This book explores industrialization in Canada through a case study of two local histories: Heron, Craig and Robert Storey, eds. Hak traces the developments wrought by Fordism in the British Columbia forest industry between and Bob Russell explores the transition between Fordist and post-Fordist methods of workplace control and labour processes in five Canadian firms. Leftists and the People's Enlightenment in Canada, Between The Lines, A comprehensive look by two of the most respected names in the field.
Contact, Commerce, and Change in the U. A collection of papers about the connections between the US Southwestern Pueblo period and Mesoamerica. Peoples of the Northwest Coast: This is an excellent introductory text on the prehistory of a diverse region that spans from Cape Mendocino, California to the Alaskan Panhandle and includes at least 12, years of native use. Well written, interesting and in-depth, this text will be well received by both the interested lay audience and serious students of American archaeology at all levels. Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People by Jon Butler: In the last seventeenth century, churches were in a state of crisis throughout the colonies.
Despite considerable efforts by the colonial clergy to use the coercive power of the state to bolster their authority, the vast majority of Americans remained indifferent to organized religion until after the American Revolution… Only in the early nineteenth century did a powerful American Christianity finally emerge, characterized in part by a creative syncretic fusion with occult beliefs and in part by vigorous if authoritarian new denominational institutions.
The book recounts with striking originality and insight the histories of five religious mass movements: He interweaves these accounts, using "Chris- tian" spokesmen to illustrate the repudiation of Calvinism, blacks to speak in the most concrete terms of liberty, Methodists to reveal the organizing, marketing energy of evangelicalism, Baptists to exhibit the flinty integrity and individualism of decentralized religious bodies, and the Book of Mormon for a sustained indictment of "the proud and lofty" p.
Among these ranks Hatch discovers scores of self-taught, visionary, resourceful men and women who created a new religious culture for ordinary folk It is one of those rare books that can be profitably read by specialists of the era and the general public. No competition, mayhem, or money grubbing mars their story… This picture, as Nathaniel Philbrick points out in the conclusion to his impressive book, is a creation of filiopietistic, early-nineteenth century New Englanders.
The First Thanksgiving as the emblematic moment of seventeenth-century American history came later… What makes Philbrick's book so valuable is that he neither debunks nor celebrates… An important book, Mayflower gives Americans a realistic picture of Plymouth, both its genuine successes and the ways in which it fell short of the creation myth we have come to love. New World Faiths by Jon Butler: In his book New World Faiths, Jon Butler traces the variety and intensity of religious persuasions in early America from the Catholic missions in New Spain to the African American Episcopalian churches in Federalist America to argue that "religious practices and beliefs in America were modified in response to changing circumstances.
In turn, changing religious traditions altered the ways Europeans, Africans and Native Americans experienced life. These powerful interactions made religion a major force everywhere in colonial American life. Butler accomplishes both an general synthesis and an argumentative narrative—a difficult feat. Religion in American Life: Described by its authors as "succinct," it runs to over pages but nevertheless provides the "vivid account" they promise of a diverse people, society, politics, and life, in a readily accessible manner It is a complex story told through a unifying theme made clear by the authors at the very start.
They argue not only that religion "stands at the heart of the story of America itself," and that it "powerfully shaped the people and society that would become the United States," but that it did so in a society that from its founding, unlike any other nation in the world, lacked any official national church ix. This is hardly a unique thesis among scholars of American religion, but it is still largely unknown to lay readers with their knowledge of history largely obscured by tales of pilgrims and puritans and pledges to "one nation under God. Women and Religion in Early America, Giles Milton is definitely popular, rather than academic, history, but he has a great readable style and his books seem to be well researched.
This book is about the precursors to the Jamestown colony in Virginia, including the lost colony of Roanoke. Discusses the early history of African slaves in Colonial South Carolina to the plantation period. Changes in the Land: Environmental history of New England and the effects of European Contact. Very accessible and readable, and a groundbreaking work of American environmental history.
The Name of War: A relatively short, up to date survey of New World slavery on a grand scale. The Island at the Center of the World: An extremely good book. If Berlin's generations are a little hard to follow, try reading all the chapters for each region as a set instead.
A very good book about the founding of Plymouth Plantation, and the first 50 years afterwards. An interesting book, about a young boy on the Mayflower, and his life afterwards up to and including the Salem Witch Trials. The style of the book is offputting to some, and the author has been criticised for including too much supposition, but it is worth a read. Excellent and interesting study of "native-newcomer" relations.
Great study of the development of slavery as an institution in the Atlantic World. A very well written account of the Jamestown colony, including a lot of detailed build up explaining the background to the colony's founding. Almost as much of the book is set in England as it is in the new colony. Highly readable account of a white girl kidnapped by Indians in New England and the heavy consequences for everyone.
A Voyage Long and Strange: Written as a semi-travelogue by the author, but an interesting read. A Continental History, — by Alan Taylor: Taylor incorporates not only some of the deeply contested histories of this era in this volume, but also provides the histories of marginalized minorities especially women, Native Americans, and African Americans that are often left out of other similar works.
The writing is engaging and carefully pulls in readers into a multitude of stories that could otherwise be overwhelming. It is an excellent introduction to anyone seeking to gather a solid overall understanding into the history of the American Revolution. Becoming Men of Some Consequence: Ruddiman's book explores "identity, gender, status, and manhood in early America In this deeply researched and well-written book, Ruddiman delineates the hopes, choices, and experiences of young men, and their pursuit of the rank and identity of men.
Fueled by popular anger over heavy taxes and extortionate fees imposed by corrupt public officials, the Regulator movement arguably posed the most serious challenge to the integrity of colonial government in British North America Before the Revolution. It certainly led to the bloodiest confrontation among white provincials, culminating in a violent struggle between backcountry residents and eastern militia forces Kars is not the first to make the case for the energizing force of evangelical religion in the Regulation.
But hers is only the first full-length monograph on the Regulation and also the most elaborate and convincing argument that religion was central to the rebellion. As Greene asserts in the preface [this book] largely reworks claims made earlier in his influential Peripheries and Center and expands on the scholarship of numerous legal historians… Regardless, Greene has fashioned an invaluable and succinct guide to the constitutional interpretation of the Revolution. In this richly textured study, Daniel Vickers stakes a place among long-running discussions about the emergence of wage labor, characterizations of early modern capitalism, social relations of production, the nature of markets in early New England, and more.
Vickers buttresses theoretical issues with detailed accounts of the personal lives and the comparative work experiences of farmers and fishermen. With copious and detailed reference to his sources, Bailyn has drawn from the wide body of pamphlet literature of the pre-Revolutionary period careful and analytical evidence of the ideological basis reasonably common to the eventually rebellious colonists.
For the serious student, this book will serve as a useful guide to encourage his approach to the pamphlets themselves. In his discussion of ideological sources, Bailyn places special emphasis on the opposition literature of post-Civil War England as a unifying medium for ideas drawn from classical analogy, covenant theology, the Enlightenment and common law. Jasanoff contains this research by engagingly narrating numerous life stories. Most importantly, she offers the "spirit of " as a counterweight to the bias tations of most interrelations of the American Revolution We now have a fully rendered interpretation of loyalists as bold imperial actors who connected the "First" and "Second" British Empire.
The Marketplace of Revolution: Been badly argues in The Marketplace of Revolution , a provocative and elegantly written monograph that identifies consumerism as a primary cause of the American Revolution. Beginning is account in the early eighteenth century and continuing through the decision for independence, Breen makes two overarching points: Been convincingly argues that boycotts constituted an innovative form of resistance possible only because of the British empire's consumer culture and that, although these activities had a mixed record at effecting specific policy changes, they provided colonists with common language of resistance.
Wood has divided his study into three sections: As the rubrics suggest, he interprets the revolutionary years according to their dominant political form, republicanism bringing an end to monarchy only to be quickly overtaken by democracy.
To capture the cultural essence of his sequential social forms he creates discursive collages of anecdotes, quotations, and illustrative details, adroitly arranging them to show us how sensibilities, values, and understandings of reality changed under the pressure of events with which the reader is presumed to be familiar But Wood aims at more than the presentation of enduring cameos of early America. The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution by Alfred F. His stories of the latter episode made him a local celebrity in Otsego County, New York, where he was an honored guest at Fourth of July observances in the late s.
Their accounts in turn furnish Alfred F. Young with the basis for an eloquent meditation on the dynamics of revolution and remembrance in American history By analyzing and contextualizing these stories, Young infers what the Revolution meant to Hewes and to others in similar circumstances This is a book that every early Americanist should read, and one from which any historian can profit. Washington's Crossing by David Hackett Fischer. Fischer uses George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on December 25, , as an occasion for exploring the role of contingency in history.
He wants to reconstruct the individual and collective decisions that shaped the New Jersey campaign during the winter of , as well as the randomness of circumstances that contributed to the Patriots' success. Fischer presents a lucid and nuanced portrayal of the British and Hessian armies involved in this campaign, explaining the military cultures of each and the motives of their respective officer corps.
The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection by: The work is well done, and readers should find it both informative and interesting, for Szatmary writes concisely and clearly no small virtues these days. He starts from the premise that economic distress was widely felt in Pennsylvania after the Seven Years' War. This revival of the economic interpretation of the Revolution, however, attends with particular care to the political economy of taxation and to people's practical as well as ideological responses.
The Currency Act and restrictions on banking were less easily blamed than stamp men but in the long run made it logical for Pennsylvania farmers to link their homegrown interests to imperial politics… Bouton is as interested in political strategy as he is in economic motives, and he carefully traces the successes and failures of protest… Rural officials penetrated the rings of protection.
Rural popular politics at first turned further inward closing roads then more organized and more violent, in light of opposition to Alexander Hamilton's entire economic plan. Local and national issues had converged again.
In response, Hamilton happily made a special example of Pennsylvania farmers… Bouton's interpretation of the Whiskey Rebellion and Fries Rebellion is surprisingly fresh, and his insistence that the issues of the s and the s were essentially the same? In , southerners and their northern allies passed a gag rule that forbade the House of Representatives from hearing antislavery petitions and touched off a controversy that lasted eight years and included an actual trial od ex-President and sitting Representative John Quincy Adams on the floor of the House.
An essential, if sometimes technical history of an oft-forgotten episode. The Bonds of Womanhood: Classic study of the emergence of "woman's sphere" during the early republic. The Civil War of Great Study of the War of Good overview of the Early Republic. Part of the Oxford History of the US series. A light reading account of the loss of the whaling ship Essex. She was rammed by a sperm whale and her crew took to the life boats for thousands of miles falling into madness and cannibalism. One of the inspirations behind Moby Dick.
Jacksonian America, by Charles Sellers. Classic study of early industrialization and the Market Revolution in the United States. Ulrich uses the diary of Martha Ballard to paint an incredibly detailed picture of life in the early republic, with emphasis on women and domestic life. The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: It's great for that, but the aftermath part isn't a postcript.
Forbes argues persuasively that controversy led to a transformation of the antislavery movement and fears of another sectional rift opening were a driving factor in the rise of the Second Party System. The Whigs are often forgotten and famously unlucky with their presidents, losing both of the men they sent to the White House. Whiggery had a tremendous impact on the politics and culture of nineteenth century America all the same.
Most of the reform movements of their era including opposing slavery were largely Whig affairs. Howe delves deep into what it meant to be a Whig, through a series of eminently readable capsule biographies of major figures. Prelude to Civil War: This was Freehling's dissertation back in the mid-Sixties. Parts are a little dated, but it's still the book on the affair and justly classic. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln by Sean Wilentz. Epic history of the evolution of American Democracy from the revolution to the civil war. Huge, epic study of the Whig Party. The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, by Christopher Clark.
An influential study of the early origins of the "market revolution" and industrialization in the North. The Second American Party System: Classic work on the Second American Party system. What Hath God Wrought: Nice, quick introduction to Southern Slavery. Celia, A Slave by Melton A. In , a man named Robert Newsom bought a fourteen year old girl named Celia. She endured five years of abuse and sexual assault, including bearing two children as a result, before killing him.
The result was a sensational court case that demonstrates both the grim realities that enslaved women faced and the ever-present fear of slave resistance that informed much of southern politics unfolding in Missouri at just the same time as Bleeding Kansas, right next door, begins to earn its name. Not an easy read, but an important one. James Henry Hammond and the Old South: Fascinating case study which illuminates the concerns and perspectives of a member of the planter elite.
Masters of Small Worlds: An excellent study of yeoman farmers in South Carolina which examines the idea of dependency in Southern male culture. Excellent view of gender politics and slavery in the antebellum era. River of Dark Dreams: Brilliant study of plantation slavery in the Mississippi valley. Old but still indispensable overview of what life was like for American slaves in the 19th century.
Genovese's theory of "paternalism" is controversial. Very compelling study of various aspects of slavery across the South. Oakes' is a very readable study of the concept of Slavery and Freedom in the antebellum south. Fascinating study of how the slave market worked in New Orleans.
A reminder that images of large plantations don't do the reality of slavery justice. A popular history book that discusses the mood of the nation in the lead-up to the Civil War. A Nation Under Our Feet: Great study of Reconstruction from the perspective of former slaves and their descendants. Battle Cry of Freedom: Pulitzer Prize-winning account of the war that transformed the United States. Holds up extremely well as one of the best single-volume histories of the war. Provides fresh interpretations of how the underpinning power structures of the South were subverted by the Confederate government, and the failure of the government to deal with the stresses the war caused to these power structures led to its own demise.
Great political history of the origins of the Civil War. A Pulitzer-winning survey of Lincoln's ideas and policies on the question, warts and all. Classic study of the ideological origins of the Civil War. An up to date look at one of the most famous celebrated and mythologized part of the struggle for freedom, prompting us to take it seriously after a long time spent largely ignoring it. Argues that the underground railroad was not a system but rather a series of overlapping, unstable, often cash-strapped networks that nevertheless provided fugitive slaves with valuable assistance.
Focuses primarily on the New York City and Phiadelphia operations. Half Slave and Half Free: Classic study of the origins of the Civil War. Get the revised edition if you can! The Impending Crisis by David Potter. This Pulitzer Prize-winning work is the standard account of the history of the United States from the late 's leading to the Civil War. It is easily readable even for those with only a casual interest in history.
The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, and The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant, by William W. Freehling follow the evolution of southern politics around the slavery question from the Declaration to Secession. Long, comprehensive, and not always the easiest read. Freehling stresses dissension and the fear of dissension within the South as a major driver of sectional politics. America's Unfinished Revolution by Eric Foner.
Essential Reading on the Reconstruction Period. Fehrenbacher traces all the ways that the United States functioned as a slaveholding nation from independence to emancipation. For the most part, he argues, the nation worked hard to preserve, extend, and defend slavery at home and sometimes abroad. Good all around, but worth it even if you just read the two chapters on the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery and the American West: Morrison explains how the seemingly arcane question of what to do with slavery in the territories of the west came to shatter the Second Party System.
The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire: Before the Civil War it became clear to some white southerners that they would have increasing difficulty expanding within the bounds of the United States and their best hope lay in seizing nearby territories in the Caribbean, particularly Cuba and Nicaragua.
Their schemes helped sour other Americans on national expansion, but were still popular enough to worry the Republicans in Classic history of the Jim Crow era. The Wages of Whiteness by David Roedigger. Pioneering history of "whiteness studies" - a classic.
Amazing history of "progressive" thought and politics as a trans-atlantic phenomenon. The Incorporation of America: The Legacy of Conquest: