The Units of Life (Designs in the Living World Book 3)

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Learn more at Author Central. Hurricane and Hummingbirds In Hurricane Irma blew through Georgia and brought with it a lot of destruction. It also brought to our home a flock of hummingbirds. Immediately after Irma blew through, we started to see a bunch of birds at the feeder. Lane Lester - Things I find interesting and I hope will interest you as well.

This Website Is Secure. Hover over the image and a certificate will pop up. There is a major move for websites to add SSL security to protect site visitors. Are You Crippled by Obsolete Opinions? Many young adults are planning their lives based on out-of-date opinions. Perhaps they believe that conditions are now the same as they were when their parents were young.

Or they may be following obsolete advice from older adults, such as high school counselors who are dispensing opinions that once were valid, but are no longer. Bats, the Furry Fliers. Bats, the Furry Fliers Bats, the flying mammals, are fascinating creatures that inhabit human folklore in mostly inaccurate fashion.

Walking across the campus of Emmanuel College one day, I saw a crowd behind one of the buildings. A large colony of bats had made their home in the attic, which had been fumigated to drive the furry fliers out. Whose Hand Is That? Did you know the answer as soon as you saw the picture?

Genetics — The Enemy of Evolution. Genetics and evolution have been enemies from the beginning of those two concepts. Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, and Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, were contemporaries. At the same time that Darwin was claiming that creatures could change into other creatures, Mendel was showing that even individual characteristics remain constant. Lane Lester - Things I find interesting and I hope will interest.

Does Gratitude Require a Benefactor? At a recent meeting of the Clarkesville Writers Society not pictured above , the members shared short pieces they had written on the theme of gratitude. The following is the one I presented. Lane Lester - Things I find interesting and I hope will. The History of Life.

The History of Life The following is a short article about how living things got to be the way they are. It assumes the truth of supernatural creation, followed by natural variation during the time life has been on the earth. Because this article is fairly long to be read online, you may choose to download either a two-column two-page PDF or a trifold PDF which produces an easy-to-share brochure. Lane Lester - Things I find interesting and I hope will interest you as w. Is God Through with You? Have you ever come to a point in your life where you wonder if God cares what you spend your time doing?

Can there come a time when God has no more plans for you in this life? The next level of classification is based on whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances within it. Further classification looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits. The plants in this group are commonly called algae. These plants are predominantly aquatic. The plant body is commonly differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures. However, there is no specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.

Examples are moss Funaria and Marchantia see Fig. Some examples are Marsilea, ferns and horse-tails see Fig. The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes have naked embryos that are called spores. On the other hand, plants with welldifferentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams. Seeds are the result of the reproductive process. They consist of the embryo along with stored food, which serves for the initial growth of the embryo during germination. This group is further classified, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, giving us two groups: The plants of this group bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.

Examples are pines, such as deodar see Fig. The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit.

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These are also called flowering plants. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons. Thus, cotyledons represent a bit of pre-designed plant in the seed. The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed.

Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called monocotyledonous or monocots. Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots see Figs. Which division among plants has the simplest organisms? How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams? How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ from each other? Their cells do not have cell-walls. Most animals are mobile. They are further classified based on the extent and type of the body design differentiation found.

These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support. These lead to a canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen. These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton. The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues. They are commonly called sponges, and are mainly found in marine habitats. They show more body design differentiation. There is a cavity in the body. The body is made of two 7. The body is bilaterally symmetrical, meaning that the left and the right halves of the body have the same design.

There are three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be made, which is why such animals are called triploblastic. This allows outside and inside body linings as well as some organs to be made. There is thus some degree of tissue formation. However, there is no true internal body cavity or coelom, in which welldeveloped organs can be accommodated. The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top to bottom, which is why these animals are called flatworms.

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They are either freeliving or parasitic. Some examples are freeliving animals like planarians, or parasitic animals like liverflukes see Fig. However, the body is cylindrical rather than flattened. There are tissues, but no real organs, although a sort of body cavity or a pseudocoelom, is present. These are very familiar as parasitic worms causing diseases, such as the worms causing elephantiasis filarial worms or the worms in the intestines roundworm or pinworms.

This allows true organs to be packaged in the body structure. There is, thus, extensive organ differentiation. This differentiation occurs in a segmental fashion, with the segments lined up one after the other from head to tail. These animals are found in a variety of habitats— fresh water, marine water as well as land. Earthworms and leeches are familiar examples see Fig. These animals are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.

There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in welldefined blood vessels.

The coelomic cavity is blood-filled. Some familiar examples are prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs see Fig. The coelomic cavity is reduced. There is little segmentation. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion. There is a foot that is used for moving around. Examples are snails and mussels see Fig. Thus, these are spiny skinned organisms. These are exclusively free-living marine animals.

They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity. They also have a peculiar water-driven tube system that they use for moving around. They have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as a skeleton. Examples are starfish and sea urchins see Fig. In addition, they show a new feature of body design, namely a notochord, at least at some stages during their lives. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.

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Protochordates may not have a proper notochord present at all stages in their lives or for the entire length of the animal. Protochordates are marine animals. Examples are Balanoglossus, Herdemania and Amphioxus see Fig.

NCERT Class IX Science Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation of body tissues and organs. All chordates possess the following features: Vertebrates are grouped into five classes. They are exclusively waterliving animals. They obtain oxygen dissolved in water by using gills. The body is streamlined, and a muscular tail is used for movement. They are cold-blooded and their hearts have only two chambers, unlike the four that humans have. We can think of many kinds of fish, some with skeletons made entirely of cartilage, such as sharks, and some with a skeleton made of both bone and cartilage, such as tuna or rohu [see examples in Figs.

Respiration is through either gills or lungs. These animals are found both in water and on land.

Frogs, toads and salamanders are some examples see Fig. While most of them have a three-chambered heart, crocodiles have four heart chambers. They lay eggs with tough coverings and do not need to lay their eggs in water, unlike amphibians. Snakes, turtles, lizards and crocodiles fall in this category see Fig.

There is an outside covering of feathers, and two forelimbs are modified for flight. They breathe through lungs. All birds fall in this category see Fig. They have mammary glands for the production of milk to nourish their young. Their skin has hairs as well as sweat and oil glands. Most mammals familiar to us produce live young ones. However, a few of them, like the platypus and the echidna lay eggs, and some, like kangaroos give birth to very poorly developed young ones. The scheme of classification of animals is shown in Fig.

How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals? How do annelid animals differ from arthropods? What are the differences between amphibians and reptiles?

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What are the differences between animals belonging to the Aves group and those in the mammalia group? As you might be able to appreciate, it would be difficult for people speaking or writing in different languages to know when they are talking about the same organism. The scientific name for an organism is thus unique and can be used to identify it anywhere in the world. The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use today was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in the eighteenth century.

The scientific name of an organism is the result of the process of classification which puts it along with the organisms it is most related to. But when we actually name the species, we do not list out the whole hierarchy of groups it belongs to. Instead, we limit ourselves to writing the name of the genus and species of that particular organism. The world over, it has been agreed that both these names will be used in Latin forms.

Certain conventions are followed while writing the scientific names: The name of the genus begins with a capital letter. The name of the species begins with a small letter. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics. When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately. What you have learnt. What are the advantages of classifying organisms?

How would you choose between two characteristics to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification? Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms.

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