Primas de Sapucaia! (Portuguese Edition)

Translingual Magazine Fall 2014 Issue

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Values over indicate that the present price-rent ratio, or price-income ratio, is above its long-run norms. This provides an indication of possible housing market pressures. Main activity and industry orientation: The main economic activity of an enterprise is usually defined as that which accounts for most of its economic outputs; this may be identified directly from sales or indirectly proxied such as by numbers of personnel devoted to different activities.

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis: Wikis

This determines the industry in which the enterprise, and any BERD it carries out, is classified. As such, all BERD of a diversified enterprise i. This enables, as far as possible, the alignment and compatability of BERD data with other economic statistics e. In a few countries, hybrid approaches are followed and reported as main activity data. This can affect interpretation of the data and resulting statistics.

Industrial research institutes, largely funded by the manufacturing industries they serve, are the most frequent examples. With the implementation of the Frascati Manual, such hybrid data will be phased out in favour of a strict main activity approach. Annual Institutional Investors - Template B. The dataset includes a detailed breakdown of Investment funds, Insurance companies and Pension funds, and Other forms of institutional savings, as institutional sectors.

This finer breakdown by type of investors has been established with reference to the System of National Accounts SNA , when possible. Within Investment funds, one distinguishes Open-end companies, further broken down into Money market funds and Other mutual funds, and Closed-end companies, of which Real estate funds. Within Insurance companies and pension funds one distinguishes Insurance companies, further broken down into Life insurance companies and Non-life insurance companies, and Autonomous pension funds. Financial assets included correspond to the assets requested in the previous database on Institutional Investors, i.

Currency and deposits, Securities other than shares, Loans, Shares and other equities and Other financial assets. Moreover, Total non-financial assets are also included. While the sub-classification of the above financial assets corresponds to SNA93, a further breakdown between assets issued by residents and assets issued by non-residents is reported.

Data on marine landings, aquaculture production, inland fisheries catch, fleet, employment, total allowable catch TAC and fisheries support estimate FSE are collected from Fisheries Ministries, National Statistics Offices and other institutions designated as an official data source. Aqueduct Country and River Basin Rankings.

This dataset shows countries and river basins' average exposure to five of Aqueduct's water risk indicators: Risk exposure scores are available for every country except Greenland and Antarctica , the most populous river basins, and the largest river basins by area. Scores are also available for all industrial, agricultural, and domestic users' average exposure to each indicator in each country and river basin. World Resources Institute, November Asalariados por sexo, edad y contrato temporal o permanente miles. De las horas efectivamente trabajadas queda excluido el tiempo no trabajado, a saber: Esto abarca a todas las personas directamente empleadas por estas instituciones, independientemente del tipo de contrato de trabajo.

ASTI collects primary time-series data on agricultural research capacity and spending levels through national survey rounds in over 80 low-and middle-income countries. Data collection is carried out by country focal points, who distribute survey forms to all agencies known to conduct agricultural research in a given country, including government, nonprofit, and higher education agencies. Private-for profit sector coverage is limited, and hence excluded from this dataset.

More detailed country- and regional-level data on agricultural research capacity, investment, and outputs are available. AutoCare Association - Export Statistics, Average annual hours actually worked per worker. The concept used is the total number of hours worked over the year divided by the average number of people in employment. The data are intended for comparisons of trends over time; they are unsuitable for comparisons of the level of average annual hours of work for a given year, because of differences in their sources.

Part-time workers are covered as well as full-time workers. The series on annual hours actually worked per person in total employment presented in this table for all 34 OECD countries are consistent with the series retained for the calculation of productivity measures in the OECD Productivity database www. However, there may be some differences for some countries given that the main purpose of the latter database is to report data series on labour input i.

Hours Hours actually worked per person in employment are according to National Accounts concepts for 18 countries: The table includes labour-force-survey-based estimates for the Russian Federation. For further details and country specfic notes see: This dataset presents the average number of students in a class by type of institution. Average Effective Age of Retirement. The average effective age of retirement is calculated as a weighted average of net withdrawals from the labour market at different ages over a 5-year period for workers initially aged 40 and over.

In order to abstract from compositional effects in the age structure of the population, labour force withdrawals are estimated based on changes in labour force participation rates rather than labour force levels. These changes are calculated for each synthetic cohort divided into 5-year age groups. The estimates shown in red are less reliable as they have been derived from interpolations of census data rather than from annual labour force surveys.

The estimates for women in Turkey are based on 3-yearly moving averages of participation rates for each 5-year age group. OECD estimates based on the results of national labour force surveys, the European Union Labour Force Survey and, for earlier years in some countries, national censuses. This table presents data on average monthly earnings converted to a common currency. The balance of payments is a statistical statement that provides a systematic summary of economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world, for a specific time period. The transactions are for the most part between residents and non-residents of the economy.

A transaction is defined as an economic flow that reflects the creation, transformation, exchange, transfer, or extinction of economic value and involves changes in ownership, of goods or assets, the provision of services, labour or capital. Changes in BPM6 compared to BPM5 are often a consequence of a stricter application of the change of ownership principle in particular in the goods and services accounts. They relate to transactions on goods and services merchanting, goods for processing, Insurance , income investment income , and financial operations direct investment.

Balance sheet and income. These changes led to the collection of key balance sheet and income statement items for direct insurance and reinsurance sectors, such as: It measures successes and setbacks on the path toward a democracy based on the rule of law and a market economy flanked by sociopolitical safeguards. For instance, countries are categorized in to 5 groups — viz; 5 or failed, 4 or very limited, 3 or limited, 2 or advanced, and 1 or highly advanced—based on their status index score of 1 to A country with a high score, 8. A country with a low score, below 4, is categorized as failed.

A score between 5. Based on the management index ranking, countries are categorized as 5 or failed, 4 or weak, 3 or moderate, 2 or good, and1 or very good. A score between 3 and 4. The level of difficulty is further categorized as 5 or negligible, 4 or minor, 3 or moderate, 2 or substantial, and 1 or massive. A score of 8. Better Life Index aims to involve citizens in the debate on measuring the well-being of societies, and to empower them to become more informed and engaged in the policy-making process that shapes all our lives. Each of the 11 topics of the Index is currently based on one to three indicators.

Within each topic, the indicators are averaged with equal weights. The indicators have been chosen on the basis of a number of statistical criteria such as relevance face-validity, depth, policy relevance and data quality predictive validity, coverage, timeliness, cross-country comparability etc. These indicators are good measures of the concepts of well-being, in particular in the context of a country comparative exercise.

Other indicators will gradually be added to each topic. National Statistics Bureau, Bhutan. Bilateral FDI Statistics, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Data are in principle collected from national sources. In order to cover the entire world, where data are not available from national sources, data from partner countries mirror data as well as from other international organizations have also been used. Bilateral Remittances and Migration Matrices.

Bank for International Settlements. The consolidated banking statistics CBS measure international banking activity from a nationality perspective, focusing on the country where the banking group's parent is headquartered. While residence-based data such as the locational banking statistics indicate where positions are booked, they do not always identify where underlying decisions are made.

This is because banking offices in one country may operate within a business model decided by the group's controlling parent, which may be headquartered in another country. The CBS capture the worldwide claims of banking groups based in reporting countries and exclude intragroup positions, similar to the consolidation approach followed by banking supervisors. The CBS provide several different measures of banking groups' country risk exposures, on either an immediate counterparty or an ultimate risk basis.

The most appropriate exposure measure depends on the issue being analysed. The benchmark measure in the CBS is foreign claims, which capture credit to borrowers outside a banking group's home country. Under "Reporting country" they have removed "Euro Area". Below Parameters are common for all combinations: The residential property price statistics collect data from different countries.

The BIS has obtained permission from various national data providers, with the assistance of its member central banks, to disseminate these statistics. Real series are the nominal price series deflated by the consumer price index. Credit to the Non-Financial Sector. They capture the outstanding amount of credit at the end of the reference quarter. Credit is provided by domestic banks, all other sectors of the economy and non-residents.

The regional aggregates as percentages of GDP are calculated based on conversion to the US dollar at market and at purchasing power parity PPP exchange rates. Country Brand Report, Bloom Consulting was founded in as a Nation Branding consultancy. According to Country Branding Central www. The BP Statistical Review of World Energy has provided high-quality, objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. The Review is one of the most widely respected and authoritative publications in the field of energy economics, used for reference by the media, academia, world governments and energy companies.

A new edition is published every June. Historical data from for many sections. Este indicador refleja la diferencia relativa entre las ganancias de los hombres y las de las mujeres. But they are recalibrated to reflect the development priorities of universities in emerging economies. The performance indicators are grouped into five areas: Teaching the learning environment 2. Research volume, income and reputation 3. Citations research influence 4. International outlook staff, students and research 5. Industry income knowledge transfer Note: The ranking of institutions, after , have been given in range like and The rank has been taken as , , ……..

Broadband Portal - Coverage and geography. Policy makers must examine a range of indicators which reflect the status of individual broadband markets. The OECD broadband speed tests by country show the official measurements of actual access network broadband speed. Mobile broadband penetration has risen to Broadband Portal - Penetration actual lines. Broadband Portal - Services and speeds.

Household and business ICT usage surveys. Data at the industry level are presented beginning , year when most of the countries converted from ISIC rev. National statistical regulations prevent publication of results where there are very few firms in the given category, hence the many gaps in the tables.

This results, however, in an underestimation of the percentage of BERD performed by the service sector as compared with other countries. When this is interpreted strictly, all the BERD of a diversified enterprise will be allocated to the industrial class of its principal activity.

In other countries, the enterprise approach has been abandoned and data are reported on a product field basis. Main activity or Product field depending on which approach is more closely followed by each country only a few countries currently collect these data both ways and are therefore included according to both criteria. Business enterprise R-D expenditure by industry and by source of funds. Business enterprise R-D expenditure by industry and by type of cost. Business enterprise R-D expenditure by size class and by source of funds. Business enterprise R-D personnel by industry.

The business tendency survey indicators cover a standard set of indicators for four economic sectors: This includes an indicator of overall business conditions or business confidence in each sector. The consumer opinion survey indicators cover a restricted set of indicators on consumer confidence, expected economic situation and price expectations. Business and consumer opinion tendency surveys provide qualitative information that has proved useful for monitoring the current economic situation. Typically they are based on a sample of enterprises or households and respondents are asked about their assessments of the current situation and expectations for the immediate future.

For enterprise surveys this concerns topics such as production, orders, stocks etc. Many survey series provide advance warning of turning points in aggregate economic activity as measured by GDP or industrial production. Such series are known as leading indicators in cyclical analysis. These types of survey series are widely used as component series in composite leading indicators.

The main characteristic of these types of surveys is that instead of asking for exact figures, they usually ask for the direction of change e. Possible answers are generally of the three point scale type e. In presenting the results as a time series, only the balance is shown. Virtually all business tendency and consumer opinion survey data are presented as time series of balances in this dataset, either in raw or seasonally adjusted form.

Very few series are presented as indices, and where these exist they have generally been converted from underlying balances by countries before submitting the data to the OECD. Business written in the reporting country. Institutional coverage As a consequence of the implementation of the new OECD Global Insurance Statistics' framework, there is a break in series between and regarding life and non-life business data where composite insurance undertakings exist. Up until , the insurance business is broken down between life and non-life business. As of , the insurance business is broken down between the business of pure life, pure non-life and composite undertakings and composite undertakings' business is further broken down between life and non-life business.

Some countries do not allow for insurance undertakings to be active in both life and non-life insurance business and therefore composite insurance undertakings do not exist in these countries. In other countries e. Therefore, to have comparable data across years for life business data resp.

Item coverage Business written in the reporting country on a gross and net premium basis. It contains a breakdown between domestic companies, foreign-controlled companies and branches and agencies or foreign companies. It includes information for countries, 50 U. This dataset is updated with data obtained from Statistics Canada and the U. Current data June Trade Data is updated on a monthly and annual basis, with revisions in March, April, May, August and November to previous year's data.

Trade Data is available on both product and industry-based versions. Statistics Canada and the U. Cantidad de inspectores por 10' personas ocupadas. Capital formation by activity, ISIC rev3. It presents gross capital formation, gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisition less disposals of valuables broken down by detailed industries.

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Gross fixed capital formation is also available broken down by type of assets. It has been prepared from statistics reported to the OECD by Member countries in their answers to annual national accounts questionnaire. Unit of measure used - In national currency, in current prices and constant prices national base year, previous year prices and OECD base year i. For the Euro area countries, the data in national currency for all years are calculated using the fixed conversion rates against the euro. Car Sales by Country.

China Association of Automobile Manufacturers. Carbon Dioxide Emissions embodied in International Trade. Emissions allocated to DISC are made explicit e. This ensures that global CO2 production equals global CO2 consumption.

This dataset is no longer updated. The coverage of the data is limited to central government debt issuance and excludes therefore state and local government debt and social security funds. Central government personal income tax rates and thresholds. This table reports statutory central government personal income tax rates for wage income plus the taxable income thresholds at which these statutory rates apply. The information is applicable to a single person without dependents. The Data for to is not included here within as not all the data for these years is either available, or can be verified.

The OECD tax database provides comparative information on a range of tax statistics - tax revenues, personal income taxes, non-tax compulsory payments, corporate and capital income taxes and taxes on consumption - that are levied in the 34 OECD member countries. Chile Regional Dataset, November National Statistics Institute of Chile. Citizenship acquisition by country of previous citizenship. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Coal Power Plants Statistics.

Commissions in the reporting country. Item coverage Commissions in the reporting country, containing a breakdown between domestic companies, foreign-controlled companies and branches and agencies of foreign companies. In fact, this data is for the basis for estimation of global and national undernourishment assessment, when it is combined with parameters and other data sets.

This data has been the foundation of food balance sheets ever since they were first constructed. The data is accessed by both business and governments for economic analysis and policy setting, as well as being used by the academic community. Communication and information, Comparative performance of national science and innovation systems. The statistical dimension of the country profiles has drawn on the work and empirical research conducted by the OECD on the measurement of innovation and the development of internationally comparable STI indicators for policy analysis.

A country CLI comprises a set of component series selected from a wide range of key short-term economic indicators. CLIs, reference series data see below and standardised business and consumer confidence indicators are presented in various forms. Recommended uses and limitations: The composite leading indicator is a times series, formed by aggregating a variety of component indicators which show a reasonably consistent relationship with a reference series e. The OECD CLI is designed to provide qualitative information on short-term economic movements, especially at the turning points, rather than quantitative measures.

Therefore, the main message of CLI movements over time is the increase or decrease, rather than the amplitude of the changes. In practice, turning points in the de-trended reference series have been found about 4 to 8 months on average after the signals of turning points had been detected in the headline CLI. The Index ranks countries based on their readiness and need to engage in public-private partnerships P3s. The inclu- sion of the need indicators sets the Index apart from other indices that measure P3 environ- ments.

Consumer price indexes CPIs are index numbers that measure changes in the prices of goods and services purchased or otherwise acquired by households, which households use directly, or indirectly, to satisfy their own needs and wants. CPIs are widely used to index pensions and social security benefits. CPIs are also used to index other payments, such as interest payments or rents, or the prices of bonds.

The 'Consumer Prices MEI ' dataset contains predominantly monthly statistics, and associated statistical methodological information, for the 35 OECD member countries and for some non-member countries. The data series presented have been chosen as the most relevant prices statistics in the MEI database for which comparable data across countries is available. Data are available monthly for all the countries except for Australia and New Zealand quarterly data , and are presented as an index where the year is the base year.

The CDIS database presents detailed data on "inward" direct investment positions i. The CDIS database contains breakdowns of direct investment position data, including, in most instances, separate data on net equity and net debt positions, as well as tables that present "mirror" data i. Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International. Global Corruption Barometer is the largest world-wide public opinion survey on corruption. This definition encompasses corrupt practices in both the public and private sectors.

The CPI is an aggregate indicator that combines different sources of information about corruption, making it possible to compare countries. The CPI ranks almost countries by their perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys. Cost of Living Index by Country.

Numbeo provides current and timely information on world living conditions including cost of living, housing indicators, health care, traffic, crime and pollution. Cost of Living Index Excl. Rent is a relative indicator of consumer goods price, including groceries, restaurants, transportation and utilities. Cost of Living Index doesn't include accommodation expenses such as rent or mortgage.

Rent Index is estimation of prices of renting apartments in the city compared to New York City. Groceries Index is an estimation of grocery prices in the city compared to New York City. To calculate this section, Numbeo uses "Markets"section of each city. Restaurants Index is a comparison of prices of meals and drinks in restaurants and bars compared to NYC. Local Purchasing Power shows relative purchasing power in buying goods and services in a given city for the average wage in that city.

Costo de la mano de obra por asalariado moneda local. Costo de la mano de obra por asalariado, manufactura moneda local. Se trata de una serie armonizada: Global growth is forecast at 3. The distribution of risks to near-term global growth has become more balanced relative to the October World Economic Outlook but is still tilted to the downside. The decline in oil prices could boost activity more than expected. Geopolitical tensions continue to pose threats, and risks of disruptive shifts in asset prices remain relevant.

In some advanced economies, protracted low inflation or deflation also pose risks to activity. The chapter takes a region-by-region look at the recent development in the world economy and the outlook for , with particular attention to notable development in countries within each region. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. Reports - Statistical Releases E. CPA is much closer than ODA to capturing the flows of aid that goes to the partner country, and has been proven in several studies to be a good proxy of aid recorded at country level.

It is derived on the basis of DAC statistics and was retroactively calculated from onwards. Top Countries by Reputation. Included firms must meet the following qualifications: The country statistical profiles provide a broad selection of indicators, illustrating the demographic, economic, environmental and social developments, for all OECD members. The user can easily compare indicators across all countries.

Total fertility rates - Unit of measure used: Number of children born to women aged 15 to COFR presents data on fiscal transparency. It provides an overview of fiscal reporting, including whether fiscal data are available for all of the general government, whether the government reports a balance sheet, and whether spending and revenue are reported on a cash or accrual basis. It also derives specific indices of the coverage of public institutions, fiscal flows, and fiscal stocks. Critical Materials Report, This report describes the results of a study of the sources and reliability of the supply of imported materials on which United States manufacturers are dependent.

It should be of interest to a broad spectrum of individuals and organizations in the materials and manufacturing sectors as well as government, private sector, and non-profit organizations involved with or concerned about those sectors. Cultivation of Organic Soils, - GHG emissions data from the cultivation of organic soils are those associated with nitrous oxide gas from organic soils under cropland item: Cropland organic soils and grassland item: GHG emissions are provided by country, region and special groups, with global coverage, relative to the period present with annual updates and with projections for and , expressed both as Gg N2O and Gg CO2eq, by cropland, grassland and by their aggregation.

Implied emission factor for N2O as well activity data areas are also provided. As of 12 May , previously reported deaths related to GBS were removed from this total. Confirmed congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus infection case definition: Live newborn who meets the criteria for a suspected case of congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus AND Zika virus infection was detected in specimens of the newborn, regardless of detection of other pathogens. This table shows exchange rates for currencies used in over world economies presented in a cross rates layout where countries are presented in both rows and columns.

National currency per US dollars exchange rates are used to derive explicit exchange rates for each of the countries presented with regard to any other country. Country series are consistent over time: Database of Sovereign Defaults, It combines elements of these, together with new information, to develop estimates of stocks of government obligations in default, including bonds and other marketable securities, bank loans, and official loans in default, valued in U.

Deaths in major episodes of political violence, The following table lists episodes of armed conflict including 30 ongoing cases that comprise a comprehensive accounting of all forms of major armed conflicts in the world over the contemporary period: Decile ratios of gross earnings. This dataset contains three earnings-dispersion measures - ratio of 9th-to-1st, 9th-to-5th and 5th-to-1st - where ninth, fifth or median and first deciles are upper-earnings decile limits, unless otherwise indicated, of gross earnings of full-time dependent employees. The dataset also includes series on: Este indicador transmite, en cierta medida, una imagen de la disponibilidad de servicios de salud.

El umbral para tener un personal sanitario suficiente es de 41,1 trabajadores de salud por cada 10' habitantes. Cuanto mayor es el valor de este indicador, peor es la disponibilidad. Este indicador transmite, en cierta medida, una imagen de los derechos a la seguridad social y la salud. Cuanto mayor es el valor de este indicador, peores son los niveles de cobertura. Depletion and growth of forest resources in terms of volume thousand m3. The objective of this dataset is to trace net changes in terms of volume in the growing stock of standing wood on forest land.

Forest depletion and growth describe balances or imbalances in different types of forests. The intensity of use of forest resources reflects various forest management methods and their sustainability. In interpreting these data, it should be borne in mind that definitions and estimation methods vary among countries. Los datos para son estimaciones mientras que los datos para son proyecciones. Las personas desocupadas son todas aquellas que se hallan: Destinations of investments by direct insurance or reinsurance companies.

As a consequence of the implementation of the new OECD Global Insurance Statistics' framework, there is a break in series between and regarding life and non-life business datawhere composite insurance undertakings exist. Click to collapse Item coverage Outstanding investment by direct insurance companies, classified by investment category, by the companies' nationality and by its destination domestic or foreign. As of , investment data exclude assets linked to unit-linked products sold to policyholders. Development Assistance for Health Estimates Tables. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.

Also new in Financing Global Health this year are detailed data for the funding of specific program areas within DAH for malaria and more thorough analysis of DAH for health system strengthening. The coverage of domestic health spending builds on data and analyses presented in two papers published this year: Evolution and patterns of global health financing — Future and potential spending on health — by government, prepaid private, out-of-pocket, and donor financing for countries. More information about these data and methods are found in the online methods annex.

Using subscription number of fixed broadband as the speed indicator is aiming at excluding the data collected on mobile cellular networks. Using subscription number of sum of fixed and wireless broadband as the speed indicator is based on the data collected on unspecified netwroks.

These speed indicators are averages of all tests done in the quarter using the M-Lab sites servers located in corresponding regions of countries. Number of NDT tests listed on the right corresponds to the same tests done in each region. These speed indicators are averages of all tests done in the quarter and calculated by daily data. Table included to this dataset. Advertisied Broadband speed for mobile and fixed lines. Average advertised download and upload speeds, Fixed BB, by technology, Sep.

Advertised download speed, Fixed broadband, Sep. Advertised download speed, Mobile broadband, Sep. Broadband Subscription and Countrywise Ranking. Table Used in this dataset is: Total fixed broadband subscriptions per inhabitants in the OECD area. Analogue Telecommunication Access Lines. Fixed telephone access paths: Tables used in this dataset: Total communication access paths in the OECD area 2. Total communication access paths per inhabitants in the OECD area 3.

Fixed telephone access paths in the OECD area 4. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Lists with This Book. Fernando Araujo rated it liked it Mar 09, Renata rated it liked it Mar 04, Gesiane Pajarinen rated it liked it Dec 16, Alice Moura da silva rated it liked it Jul 25, Pinheiro rated it liked it Feb 18, Adriano Carreira rated it liked it May 31, Deise rated it liked it Jun 24, Due to lack of information concerning the structural organization of seedlings of medicinal species, this study aimed to provide information about the anatomy and development of F.

The seeds fennel was sowed in sand and maintained in greenhouse for 25 days, with daily waterings. Mapping and validation of major quantitative trait loci for kernel length in wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. Kernel length is an important target trait in barley Hordeum vulgare L. However, the number of known quantitative trait loci QTLs controlling kernel length is limited. In the present study, we aimed to identify major QTLs for kernel length, as well as putative candidate genes that might influence kernel length in wild barley.

A high-density genetic linkage map was constructed using 1, genome-wide diversity array technology DArT markers, spanning a total of This study establishes a fundamental research platform for genomic studies and marker-assisted selection, since LEN-3H and LEN-4H could be used for accelerating progress in barley breeding programs that aim to improve kernel length.

Full Text Available Purpose: Standardization and detailed pharmacognostical studies of Oreganum vulgare Linn. The physicochemical parameters total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash and sulphated ash were found to be Foaming index was found be The chemical defoliation of Ligitstrum vulgare L. Treating plants with potassium iodide gave the best results. KJ concentrations of 0. Magnesium chlorate at concentration of 0.

Spraying with defoliants on Sept. Chemical defoliation decreased negligibly the frost resistance of Ligusturm vulgare shrubs. Luxury as the opposite of vulgarity: Despite the academic research surrounding luxury brands being limited, the existent research most often studies luxury brands in a traditional retail context. That is, luxury is viewed from a perspective where the products are sold in luxury retail stores.

However, the landscape that these brands function within has changed significan Full Text Available Abstract Background Wolbachia are vertically transmitted bacteria known to be the most widespread endosymbiont in arthropods. They induce various alterations of the reproduction of their host, including feminization of genetic males in isopod crustaceans.

In the pill bug Armadillidium vulgare , the presence of Wolbachia is also associated with detrimental effects on host fertility and lifespan. Deleterious effects have been demonstrated on hemocyte density, phenoloxidase activity, and natural hemolymph septicemia, suggesting that infected individuals could have defective immune capacities. Since nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in Wolbachia-A.

Results Since very little genetic data is available on A. Analyses of these ESTs revealed that immune processes were over-represented in most experimental conditions responses to a symbiont and to a pathogen. Considering canonical crustacean immune pathways, these genes encode antimicrobial peptides or are involved in pathogen recognition, detoxification, and autophagy. By RT-qPCR, we demonstrated a general trend towards gene under-expression in symbiotic whole animals and ovaries whereas the same gene set tends to be over-expressed in symbiotic immune tissues.

Conclusion This study allowed us to generate the first reference transcriptome ever obtained in the Isopoda group and to identify genes involved in the major known crustacean immune pathways encompassing cellular and humoral responses. Expression of immune-related genes revealed a modulation of host.

Peroxidases catalyze protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The activity of these enzymes in nerve cells is involved in causing disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This study investigated the effect of Citrus aurantium, Foeniculum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils on activity of peroxidase enzyme.

All three medicinal plants were dried at room temperature. Their essential oil was extracted by steam distillation Unwinding the reaction mechanism. The structure was determined at 2. However, in the luxury branding context, the introduction of prestige brands into a mass channel such as the Internet might bring the risk of vulgarization , loss of control over the brand, loss of the high-luxury appeal, jeopardizing brand equity. Hence, the present thesis paper proposes to answer the dilemma between the imperative of going online an Effect of lixiviated sediments affected with treated water on Selenastrum capricornutum, Printz and Origanum vulgare L.

Xochimilco is an area of Mexico City fulfilling important ecological functions. However, the water of the canal network in the lacustrine zone of Xochimilco is supplied by the water treatment plants of the city, implying a risk of accumulated contaminants in the sediments. This study reports the effect of lixiviates obtained from sediments collected in the canals of Xochimilco on the growth of the alga Selenastrum capricornutum and the angiosperm Origanum vulgare.

Three factors were tested: The chemical water properties analyzed were: The alga was more sensitive to the contaminants than O. The effect of sampling season on the inhibition of algal growth was ordered as follows: Lixiviates obtained from sediment samples and m from the main point of water discharge caused a higher algal growth inhibition than the samples obtained at the source point. Lixiviate promoted the growth of seedlings of O. Informed collecting, conservation, monitoring and utilization of genetic diversity requires knowledge of the distribution and structure of the variation occurring in a species.

We studied the current distribution of genetic diversity and population structure in H. The genetic structure of 32 populations collected in was analyzed with 37 SSRs. Three distinct genetic clusters were identified. Populations were characterized by admixture and high allelic richness, and genetic diversity was concentrated in the northern part of the study area.

Genetic structure, spatial location and climate were not correlated. This may point out a limitation in using large scale climatic data layers to predict genetic diversity, especially as it is applied to regional genetic resources collections in H. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

In our study, four samples of volatile oil from Foeniculum vulgare , cultivated in different pedoclimatic conditions, were investigated for their antimicrobial activity and chemical composition. The comparative inhibitory activity of volatile oil samples with other antimicrobial agents was quantitative determined by minimum inhibitory concentration MIC. Oil samples are the volatile oils extracted by steam distillation, from two ecological vegetative populations of Foeniculum vulgare. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils.

All oil samples have a good activity against E.

The oil samples were generally bactericidal at a concentration up to twofold or fourfold higher than the MIC value. Significantly synergic activity with amoxicillin or tetracycline showed all fennel samples against E. Fennel oil samples have shown high activity against Candida albicans. No significant antimicrobial activity variations were observed for Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil samples obtained after two or three years cultivation period. The most important identified compounds in all samples of fennel volatile oils were trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone, limonene, alpha-pinene and gamma-terpinene.

Using elevated CO2 to increase the biomass of a Sorghum vulgare x Sorghum vulgare var.

The most important challenge to use phytoremediation is how to improve its efficiency by increasing the accumulation of metals in plants, or by improving key plant biological traits that should enhance metal uptake. It was speculated that the increase in biomass and the improvement in Cs accumulation ability at elevated CO 2 could be related to lowered soil pH values, and changes in number and kind of microorganisms in the rhizospheres of the two tested species.

This is the first report of a link among elevated CO 2 , increased biomass and hyperaccumulation of Cs by Sorghum and Trifolium species. The powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. One way to control the disease is by the development and deployment of resistant cultivars. A genome-wide association study was performed in a Nordic spring barley panel consisting of genotypes, to identify marker-trait associations significant for powdery mildew.

Powdery mildew was scored during three years in four different locations within the Nordic region. There were strong correlations between data from all locations and years. In total four QTLs were identified, one located on chromosome 4H in the same region as the previously identified mlo locus and three on chromosome 6H. The results from this study have revealed SNP marker candidates that can be exploited for use in marker-assisted selection and stacking of genes for powdery mildew resistance in barley.

Pada penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak air dari buah adas untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Vibrio harveyi dan Vibrio alginolyticus dengan menggunakan metode uji Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC dan difusi cakram kertas. The hybrids were stably aneuploid. Both had lost and acquired H. Thus, somatic elimination of chromosomes was combined with multiplication of chromosomes.

The observations of stably aneuploid hybrids have implications for the exploitation of alien germplasm. The activity of non-H. Evaluation of the allelopathic potential of water-soluble compounds of barley Hordeum vulgare L. Full Text Available Description of the subject. The present study focuses on the description of the allelopathic interactions between wild and crop species that may occur in a given ecosystem. The objective is the evaluation of the allo- and autoinhibition activity of root exudates of barley Hordeum vulgare L. The allelopathic activities of five Tunisian barley genotypes modern varieties and landraces, one Saudi Arabian barley landrace and great brome were assessed using a modified laboratory bioassay named "seedling-after-seedling agar method".

The barley or the great brome reduced, to a greater extent, the root growth compared to the shoot growth of receiver species. The response of the root system architecture of the great brome towards barley root exudates was studied in detail. All the measured root traits were highly sensitive to the presence of barley. In our conditions, the allelopathic activity of barley root exudates had no apparent relationship with the size of the root and a prominent action of genetic determinants in the allelopathic potential between genotypes is proposed.

The alloinhibitory activity of barley or great brome root exudates deferred between the receiver species but was always higher than the autoinhibition potential. The autoinhibition in barley proved to depend on whether the genotypes used as donor and receiver are identical or different, suggesting a specific interaction of allelochemicals with the receiver plant. These molecules seem to be the main actors in the allelopathic barley potential as external factors such variations of pH have no evident relevance in the inhibition process. Barley and great brome exude molecules in their surroundings.

This affects the growth of the receiver plants, suggesting that these compounds might contribute to the plant community dynamics. In vitro activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil against Candida species. Full Text Available The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of the essential oil extracted from Origanum vulgare against sixteen Candida species isolates. Standard strains tested comprised C. Six Candida albicans isolates from the vaginal mucous membrane of female dogs, one isolate from the cutaneous tegument of a dog and one isolate of a capuchin monkey were tested in parallel.

The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography. All isolates tested in vitro were sensitive to O. The chromatographic analysis revealed that the main compounds present in the essential oil were 4-terpineol The antifungal activity of O. Instrumental neutron activities analysis of Marrubium vulgare L. Nedjimi, Bouzid [Djelfa Univ. Twenty two chemical elements were identified by Instrumental neutron activation analysis in Marrubium vulgare Lamiaceae a traditional medicine plant, used indigenously in Mediterranean basin to cure several diseases.

Results showed that K was the dominant chemical element in studied plant 4. The Ca and Fe mass fractions were also relatively high. Morphological differentiation of non-glandular and glandular trichomes on Marrubium vulgare L. It is a perennial aromatic herb which grows naturally in Europe, Asia, and America. Since ancient Egypt, this species has been known as a remedy for upper respiratory tract ailments.

Nowadays, horehound is used in herbal medicine for treatment of liver diseases, biliary tract disorders, and for increasing the appetite and supporting the function of the stomach. The main biologically active substances in M. The paper presents micromorphological analyses of non-glandular and glandular trichomes of M. The above-ground parts of horehound were collected during the flowering period in July Using light microscopy LM and scanning electron microscopy SEM, the types and sizes of trichomes from the stem, leaf, calyx, and corolla were investigated.

The results of the microscopic observations show that the surfaces of M. The glandular trichomes are of two main types: Peltate trichomes consist of a short stalk cell and a large head with secretory cells arranged in a circle. The height of a mature trichome is about The substance produced by secretory cells passes through the apical walls and accumulates within a space between the cuticle and the cell wall layer.

Capitate long trichomes with a basal cell, long stalk, neck cell, and a unicellular head are There are two types of short capitate trichomes: The use of the oregano Origanum vulgare L. The effect of oregano the Origanum vulgare L. The initial pH of the oregano oil added samples were higher than the other treatments, which were above 5. The initial LAB population on the first day of the fermentati Preliminar toxicological assesement of Ruta graveolens, Origanum vulgare and Persea americana on the preimplantational mouse embryos. Full Text Available The growing interest in natural medicine makes it necessary to study plant properties as well as their possible secondary effects.

In recent years the toxic effects of many medicinal plants on the preimplantational mouse embryo development have been studied. Many of them produce malformations and alterations in the embryonic development. Ruta graveolens "ruda", Origanum vulgare "oregano" and Persea americana "palta" are used in rural areas to menstrual colic and to provoke abortion estrella, It is thus isolated for the first time from family Apiaceae.

Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Arisarum vulgare seeds. Arisarum vulgare is screened and its total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents were measured. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the methanol-water 7: HPLC analyses are carried out to identify some polyphenols. The aim of this study is to identify, Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill obtained by different distillation conditions.

The influence of different hydrodistillation conditions was evaluated from the standpoint of essential oil yield, chemical composition and antifungal activity from seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Three hydrodistillation conditions were considered. The main constituents of the oils were: The method of distillation significantly effected the essential oil yield and quantitative composition, although the antifungal activity of the oils against some fungi was only slightly altered. Variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil EO of wild population of Origanum vulgare at different phenological stages, including vegetative, late vegetative, and flowering set, is reported.

The oils of air-dried samples were obtained by hydrodistillation. Single and combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to H. The aim of the study was to investigate the interactive effect of the binary mixture of Cu and Cd to the growth of H. Single and combined metal treatment led to major effects in the growth of roots and shoots and dry weight of barley.

Exposure to metals altered the content of photosynthetic pigments and caused lipid peroxidation. It was observed that combined effects of heavy metals to plants are endpoint and concentration depending.

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Essential oils EOs are known to inhibit the growth of a wide range of microorganisms. Particularly interesting is the possible use of EOs to treat multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis CF pathogens. We tested the essential oil EO from Origanum vulgare for in vitro antimicrobial activity, against three of the major human opportunistic pathogens responsible for respiratory infections in CF patients; these are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans.

Antibiotic susceptibility of each strain was previously tested by the standard disk diffusion method. Most strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics and could be defined as multi-drug-resistant MDR. The antibacterial activity of O. The OEO was effective against all tested strains, although to a different extent. The results from this study suggest that OEO might exert a role as an antimicrobial in the treatment of CF infections. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids PAs in honey can be a potential human health risk. So far, it has remained unclear whether PAs in honey originate from pollen or floral nectar.

We obtained honey, nectar, and plant pollen from two observation sites where Echium vulgare L. Echium-type PAs were detected up to 0. Nectar and plant pollen were analyzed by nontargeted analysis using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry UHPLC-HR-MS , allowing the detection of 10 alkaloids in small size samples. Echium-type PAs were detected between 0.

The PA composition in nectar and plant pollen was compared to the composition in honey. These results suggest that nectar contributes more significantly to PA contamination in honey than plant pollen. Chemical composition and bioactivity of different oregano Origanum vulgare extracts and essential oil. There is a growing interest in industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties.

Aromatic plants are excellent sources of bioactive compounds that can be extracted using several processes. As far as oregano is concerned, studies are lacking addressing the effect of extraction processes in bioactivity of extracts. This study aimed to characterise the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of oregano Origanum vulgare essential oil and extracts in hot and cold water, and ethanol , and the chemical composition of its essential oil.

Hot water extract had the strongest antioxidant properties and the highest phenolic content. All extracts were ineffective in inhibiting the growth of the seven tested bacteria. In contrast, the essential oil inhibited the growth of all bacteria, causing greater reductions on both Listeria strains L.

Full Text Available Not available. Effect of the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare fennel on the kidney in experimental PCOS female rats. Full Text Available Objective: Foeniculum vulgare seed F. Forty female rats were randomly divided into five groups. The first group served as control,was injected with an equivalent volume 0. Animals in the second group were non poly cystic ovary syndrome PCOS rats which were treated with intragastric administration of aqueous extract of F.

In the third group, the rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of estradiolvalerate EV 4 mg in 0. After 4 weeks of study, all of the rats were sacrificed, their kidneys tissues were processed for light microscopy, and some biochemical parameters of serum were measured. Characterization and partial purification of beta-1,3-D-glucan callose synthase from barley Hordeum vulgare leaves. The plasma membrane bound beta-1,3-D-glucan callose synthase.

Plasma membranes were enriched Barley Hordeum vulgare L. By analyzing spring barley The in-vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of Marrubium vulgare L. Full Text Available Abstract Background In order to validate its antiseptic and anticancer properties with respect to traditional uses, we have screened for the first time the antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of M. Methods The agar disk diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of M.

The in vitro cytotoxicity of M. Results The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was investigated in order to evaluate its efficacy against the different tested microorganisms. As far as the antifungal activity, among four strains tested, Botrytis cinerea exhibited the strongest activity with inhibition zones of However, Fusarium solani, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger were less sensitive to M. About the citotoxicity assay, this finding indicate the capability of this essential oil to inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cell lines under some conditions with IC50 value of 0.

Conclusion This investigation showed that the M. The present studies confirm the use of this. Full Text Available Bacillus strains have been widely used as the companion strain of Ketogulonigenium vulgare in the process of vitamin C fermentation. Different Bacillus strains generate different effects on the growth of K. First, we identified that Bacillus endophyticus Hbe was an appropriate strain to cooperate with K. Here, we report the genome sequencing of the B.

The circular chromosome of B. Genome-based functional studies revealed the specific capability of B. In addition, it has specific pathways for vitamin B12 synthesis and sorbitol metabolism. The genome analysis of the industrial B. Tras esto se ha explicado lo que es la tendencia Web 2. Finalmente se han evaluado las diferentes opciones o tec Full Text Available Future climate changes are expected to increase risks of drought, which already represent the most common stress factor for stable barley Hordeum vulgare L.

Up to now, extensive research projects have been done to study effects of drought stress on the antioxidant enzyme activity. While there is a few works of such studies on the field condition. In order to study of water deficit effects on the antioxidant enzymes activities as a secondary stress, we evaluate the effects of mild and severe drought stress on activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutases, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase, among four barley genotypes, differing in the capacity to maintain the grain yield under drought condition during beginning on anthesis, kernel watery ripe and late milk stages under field condition.

Results showed that drought increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in all genotypes. The initial LAB population on the first day of the fermentation was high in the diluted hydrosol 8. But a significant difference was not observed between the LAB counts of the treatments on the 40th day of fermentation. Trace elements and essential oil composition in chemotypes of the aromatic plant Origanum vulgare. Trace elements, essential oil yield and its percentage composition were determined by neutron activation analysis, hydrodistillation and gas chromatography in two chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L.

Statistical tests such as analysis of variance, correlation coefficient, t-test, and multiple correlation were applied. The results showed that the samples contain the highest recorded oil yield for aromatic plants. Also, there is a statistically significant difference between the chemotypes of the plant not only in the predominant compound but in a number of other components.

Iron, chromium and scandium showed a negative significant correlation with carvacrol and a positive one with thymol. Europium shows characteristic correlations with chromium, cobalt, iron and scandium within each chemotype of the plant. These correlations could make probable a role of this element in the biosynthesis of the predominant compounds. Zinc blotting assay for detection of zinc binding prolamin in barley Hordeum vulgare grain. In plants, zinc is commonly found bound to proteins.

In barley Hordeum vulgare , major storage proteins are alcohol-soluble prolamins known as hordeins, and some of them have the potential to bind or store zinc. However, to our knowledge so far this zinc blotting assay has never been applied to detect a prolamin fraction in barley grains. A radioactive zinc 65ZnCl2 blotting technique was optimized to detect zinc-binding prolamins, followed by development of an easy-to-follow nonradioactive colorimetric Hordeins were extracted from mature barley grain, separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted on a membrane, renatured, overlaid, and probed with zinc; subsequently, zinc-binding specificity of certain proteins was detected either by autoradiography or color Investigation on antibacterial synergism of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris essential oils.

Full Text Available Essential oils are well known as strong antimicrobial agents of plant origin. In spite of this, the antimicrobial synergism of essential oils isolated from different plant species is poorly investigated. The following study examines the synergism of the essential oils of Origanum vulgare L. First, the antibacterial effect of the oils was tested, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations MIC of both oils were determined using the microdilution method. To test whether the oils act synergistically, every possible combination of essential oil concentrations was used in a dynamic checkerboard method.

The results indicated that the oils indeed acted synergistically with fractional inhibitory concentration indexes of 0. When GIS zooms in: Geographic information system GIS tools are designed to illustrate, analyse and integrate geographic or spatial data, usually on a macroscopic scale. By contrast, genetic tools focus on a microscopic scale. Because in reality, landscapes have no predefined scale, our original study aims to develop a new approach, combining both cartographic and genetic approaches to explore microscopic landscapes.

For this, we focused on Armadillidium vulgare , a terrestrial isopod model in which evolutionary pressures imposed by terrestrial life have led to the development of internal fertilisation and, consequently, to associated physiological changes. Among these, the emergence of internal receptacles, found in many taxa ranging from mammals to arthropods, allowed females to store sperm from several partners, enabling multipaternity. Among arthropods, terrestrial isopods like the polygynandrous A.

To test our innovative combined approach, we proposed different males to four independent females, and at the end of incubation in the marsupium, we mapped using GIS methods and genotyped using 12 microsatellite markers all the incubated mancae.

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This methodology permitted to obtain spatio-genetic maps describing heterozygosity and spatial distribution of mancae and of multipaternity within the marsupial landscape. We discussed the interest of this kind of multidisciplinary approach which could improve in this case our understanding of sexual selection mechanisms in this terrestrial crustacean.

Beyond the interesting model-focused insights, the main challenge of this study was the transfer of GIS techniques to a microscopic scale and our results appear so as pioneers rendering GIS tools available for studies involving imagery whatever their study scale. The immune cellular effectors of terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare: Full Text Available Most of crustacean immune responses are well described for the aquatic forms whereas almost nothing is known for the isopods that evolved a terrestrial lifestyle.

The latter are also infected at a high prevalence with Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium which affects the host immune system, possibly to improve its transmission. In contrast with insect models, the isopod Armadillidium vulgare is known to harbor Wolbachia inside the haemocytes. They were produced in the haematopoietic organs, from central stem cells, maturing as they moved toward the edge TEM.

So far they were not found in hyaline haemocytes TEM. The haematopoietic organs contained 7. In total, 36, 33, and 16 components were identified and quantified in vegetative, late vegetative, and flowering set, representing Carvacrol was the major compound in all samples. The ranges of major constituents were as follows: Antibacterial activity of the oils was tested against three Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria by the disc diffusion method and determining their diameter of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC values.

The oils of various phenological stages showed high activity against all tested bacteria, of which Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive and resistant strain, respectively. Thus, they represent an inexpensive source of natural antibacterial substances that exhibited potential for use in pathogenic systems.

Full Text Available Introduction: Oropharyngeal candidiasis is an opportunistic mucosal infection caused by Candida albicans. It usually responds to topical treatments such as clotrimazole troches, topical fluconazole, chlorhexidine mouthwash and nystatin suspension. Piper betel leaf oil and Origanum vulgare essential oil have shown some topical antifungal activity. To determine and compare the antifungal efficacy of piper betel leaf oil, O.

The zone of inhibition was measured in millimetres using Vernier calliper. Finally, MIC was calculated using a reflective viewer. The zone of inhibition for O. Full Text Available Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Umbelliferae is a herbaceous plant of the family Umbelliferae, native to the Mediterranean and Asia Minor region and widely distributed all over the Brazilian. This work reports antimicrobial activity of oregano Origanum vulgare essential oil against several bacteria in sausage.

The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was determined for 9 selected aerobic heterotrofic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of distinct concentrations of the essential oil on the basis of the highest MIC found was tested in a food system comprised of fresh sausage. Batch food samples were also inoculated with Escherichia coli with a fixed concentration and Nuevo criterio de complejidad utilizando una medida de eficiencia. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents of oregano Origanum vulgare , lavender Lavandula angustifolia and lemon balm Melissa officinalis from Romania.

The study reported here presents a comparative screening of three medicinal plants including oregano Origanum vulgare L. The contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids for the extracts of these were determined. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity was also evaluated. It was found that Origanum vulgare and Melissa officinalis extracts present the most effective antioxidant capacity in scavenging DPPH radicals, while Lavandula angustifolia is less active. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the components of extracts.

Major phenolic acids identified in the analysed species were ferulic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric and caffeic, while predominant flavonoids were quercetin, apigenin kaempherol, which were present as glucosides. The role of homoserine lactones in early responses and resistance in barley Hordeum vulgare L. Thus, plants are naturally exposed to these compounds and respond with tissue-specific reactions.

The treatment with C8- and C homoserine lactones HSL resulted in root and shoot biomass gain as well as in the formation of lat Comparative studies on the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Tanacetum vulgare L. The EO was characterized by a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes with trans-chrysanthenyl acetate as major compound. All MEs were characterized by neochlorogenic, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic and caffeoylquinic acids.

High phenolic content in M Background Infection due to Acinetobacter baumannii has become a significant challenge to modern healthcare systems. The rapid emergence and global dissemination of A. Recent studies have discussed about essential oil of Origanum vulgare against a range of bacteria, including various species of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Esc Full Text Available Background Infection due to Acinetobacter baumannii has become a significant challenge to modern healthcare systems.

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