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Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. A portion of feed placed on check tray to estimate appetite or consumption by refused portion after a period of time [ 17 ]. Aeration was kept off for two hours during feeding time.

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Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture - Stephen Goddard - Google Книги;
IMPROVEMENT OF FORMULATED FEEDS AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT IN INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE;

Shrimps were sampled every fortnight by cast net for monitoring the growth, survival and health conditions of shrimp and for estimation of total biomass in the experimental pond. Shrimps weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR , survival rate and specific growth rate SGR was measured as per conventional method in every fifteen days [ 18 ]. The average body weight ABW and survival rate was calculated following the method [ 16 ]. The formulae to calculate different parameters are as follows:. Different water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH were monitored twice a day and hrs ; salinity and transparency once a week hours in situ at farm site by multiparameter device YSI, MP mode and secchi disc.

Data obtained from the results were subjected to statistical analysis. Different physical and chemical parameters of water varied widely in different treatment ponds Table 2. It was found that among the water parameters temperature, salinity, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity of water showed no significant differences between the treatment ponds during the culture period. However, the concentration of nutrients ammonium-N, nitrate-N, and orthophosphate varied with the feeding frequency in the cultured ponds.

Values in each row with no superscript are non-significant.

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To include a comma in your tag, surround the tag with double quotes. Select your language of interest to view the total content in your interested language. Thus, frequent occurrence of black soil formation in T1 and T4 ponds causing black gills due to accumulation of feed wastes resulting higher FCR that showed clear temporal variation during the culture period and this increased as time progresses Figure 1c. Three ponds each were used to culture the shrimp for different feeding frequencies: University of Sydney Library.

Final weight, WG, SGR and survival was used to evaluate the growth performance of cultured shrimp with the frequency of feed applied in different cultured ponds. After days of culture highest yield Production cost was found to be higher as the feeding frequency increases Rs. Variations of different feed efficiency parameters with cost benefit analysis.

4 Major Aquaculture Production Systems

In the present study it was found that feeding frequency has a profound influence on cost effective and sustainable production of P. Different growth and feed efficiency parameters have found to be modulated by changed feeding frequency although feed constituents, feed amount and distribution were similar in all the culture ponds.

Initial SGR of P. After DOC 75, it reduced and collapsed after 90 days This may be due to the fact that larval shrimp generally depend on planktonic food at the early stage, after which they gradually acclimatize to the supplementary feed [ 23 ]. It was also found that average body weight ABW of P. The effect of different feeding frequencies on growth and feed utilization efficiency in ponds stocked with P.

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At harvest, the highest ABW was observed in T3 Previous study found almost similar growth However, ideal water stability ensures better feed consumption and good pond bottom and water quality [ 26 ]. As shrimp live on or near to bottom of pond, higher concentration of NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N found in T1 and T4 ponds affected the health, feed intake and growth; and possibly lower survival [ 27 ]. However, lower level of orthophosphate in T3 ponds was found to be suitable for good growth of shrimp. This was happened due to less feed wastes which can be substantiated by lower FCR value in these ponds Table 4 [ 26 ].

Furthermore, feed pellets are known to disintegrate faster in water facilitate only economic loss and pollution of water [ 28 ]. Thus, frequent occurrence of black soil formation in T1 and T4 ponds causing black gills due to accumulation of feed wastes resulting higher FCR that showed clear temporal variation during the culture period and this increased as time progresses Figure 1c. FCR value was lowest 1.

Feed is one of the essential inputs in shrimp production and decides for profitability.

On-farm Feeding and Feed Management in Aquaculture

The cost of labor for feeding of shrimp ponds can be a significant component of the fixed costs [ 29 ] as found in this study Table 3. However, moderate feed inputs of times day-1 depending on shrimp size are often recommended for better growth [ 15 ]. Feed conversion improves with increasing feeding frequency, but the interesting feature of the study is that FCR improves up to 5 times feeding frequency T3 but not for further increment of frequency T4 Figure 1c and Table 3 [ 19 ]. It is found that survival rate is highest mean It is found that five times feeding reduced cannibalism during molting and natural mortality because gut evacuation is completed in about 3 hours for penaeid shrimps as a way to reduce or eliminate excess uneaten feed waste, which might have happened in T4.

And in T1 and T2, less feeding frequency might induce cannibalistic behavior of shrimps as feed availability was not enough throughout the day [ 31 ]. Protein being the most important and expensive nutrient in shrimp feed, and nutritionally well-balanced diet is important for profit [ 4 ].

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""" This book has been written as a guide to the management and use of formulated feeds in intensive fish and shrimp culture. While its focus is on the use of. The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for. Germany, the.

The best value observed for protein efficiency ratio PER in this study was 2. Previously, PER value of 2. Thus, 5 times feeding is the best to utilize the protein conversion to shrimp as found in this study. This good outcome might be due to better feeding management, feeding frequency in particular, with efficient bottom water exchange to flush the wastes. In the present study, black tiger shrimp achieved highest growth WG and SGR from same diet with 5 times feeding frequency Table 3.

In both the cases, feed quantity might have wasted more as reflected in pond sediments black soil and deteriorated water quality in T1 and T4 ponds. The present study in a brief has developed maximized production efficiency, reducing feed wastage and no deterioration of water quality in T3 ponds. Lesser or higher than 5-times feeding frequency indicated poor growth, wasted energy on part of shrimp and economic loss.

Thus, in a semi intensive culture system, 5-time feeding frequency was the most efficient and cost effective feeding management technique that resulted in highest yield and profitability, and lowest nutrient loads in the effluents which may convince it as sustainable and eco-friendly method of farming practice.