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Add a tag Cancel Be the first to add a tag for this edition. Lists What are lists? Login to add to list. Be the first to add this to a list. Comments and reviews What are comments? She later lost consciousness as she and Bhuvan were being driven to their local, rural hospital.
A doctor there gave them each a dose of a therapeutic anti-rabies vaccine that will help stimulate their immune systems. It will take up to two weeks for their bodies to produce antibodies, but they also need to attack the virus immediately. That requires another, stronger form of medication only available km further away at an anti-rabies clinic in the nearest city, Bangalore.
Veena and Bhuvan paid close to Rs. Best of BBC Future. What is BBC Future? Dr Shrikrishna Isloor runs the lab on the ground floor of the Veterinary College. She had been washing dishes behind her home in May when she was bitten twice by a street dog. Add a tag Cancel Be the first to add a tag for this edition. The WHO recommends pre-exposure vaccinations for everyone in rabies-endemic countries.
Veena and Bhuvan travelled immediately, arriving at midnight at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences. That morning, Narayana spends hours calling suppliers for two doses of the crucial treatment: Two vials arrive just after noon. Bhuvan is placed on a clinic bed, where an attendant holds him down as he writhes and tries to move away.
A medical student begins a series of injections directly into the raw wounds on his neck. The immunoglobulin must penetrate the exact place where the dog bit into the flesh in order to neutralise the virus.
Next, a moaning Veena is injected seven times in the cheek and upper lip. Meanwhile, the initial anti-rabies vaccine they were given at the local hospital continues its work, prompting their bodies to produce their own antibodies.
Four more doses over a month help in that regard. With a full course of treatment, they have a chance that rabies will not develop. According to WHO, rabies immunoglobulin is undergoing a critical shortage worldwide. In India, only three companies produce it, with relatively high manufacturing costs. Two years away from retirement, Dr Madhusudana is still haunted by the death of a year-old student who was once in his care.
Like Bhuvan and Veena, the woman lived in a rural village, hours from Bangalore, in the southern state of Karnataka. She had been washing dishes behind her home in May when she was bitten twice by a street dog. The woman was injected with the rabies vaccine, but her treatment ended there.
She never received any immunoglobulin. Without proper treatment, it can take anywhere from a few days to more than a year for rabies to develop. But when symptoms appear, the disease is invariably fatal. Two months after she was bitten, the student developed a fever for which her local doctor gave her sedatives.
She lapsed into a coma and was brought to Bangalore, where she was finally diagnosed with rabies and died 17 days later. The two forms differ in the path the virus takes to reach the brain. In dumb rabies, the virus travels via motor nerves, damaging them in the process and leading to a slow progression from muscle paralysis to coma. Within three or four days, the victim is dead. Its symptoms appear sooner than those of dumb rabies, as the virus travels from the nerve endings, along the spinal cord and to the brain. Beginning with fever, headache and a tingling feeling at the wound site, victims can become aggressive, start hallucinating and develop a marked fear of water, even shrinking from the sight of a glass filled with it.
This is because rabies causes painful muscle spasms in the throat and larynx, and water can trigger the spasms.
Death results from blocked airways, seizures or widespread paralysis. Theoretically, no human should die from rabies in the 21st Century. French scientist Louis Pasteur formulated the first vaccine in by injecting the rabies virus into rabbits, killing them, then drying the nerve tissues to weaken the virus.
When he injected this into a nine-year-old boy bitten by a rabid dog, the child did not develop the disease. It is another, infamously painful, vaccine developed in that was synonymous with rabies treatment for years. Called the Semple treatment, the dried and churned brain tissue of live sheep and goats were injected 14 times into the lower abdomen of people exposed to rabies — once for each of the lymph nodes associated with antibody production.
Despite severe side-effects such as paralysis, the Semple treatment was used for most of the 20th Century. The virus is inactivated, purified, then administered by injection into the skin or deeper into muscles of the arm. Side-effects are far fewer, but this production is more expensive. Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning it developed in animals and jumped to humans.
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Young children are particularly vulnerable. The WHO recommends pre-exposure vaccinations for everyone in rabies-endemic countries.