Totem e tabu e outros trabalhos (1913-1914) (Obras Completas) (Portuguese Edition)

As Regras Completas da Pronncia do Ingls (Portuguese Edition)

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Totem e tabu e outros trabalhos Obras Completas Portuguese Edition. Set up a giveaway. Feedback If you need help or have a question for Customer Service, contact us. During this period the patriarch of the Stuyvesant family, Gerardus Stuyvesant, continued to live in the farm house that had stood on the property since the time of his grandfather, the Director-General, while his two sons built refined Georgian manors for themselves. Nicholas William II, the elder brother, took up occupancy in the "Bowery House" in the southern half of the property, while Petrus II resided at "Petersfield" in the northern section.

As the 18th century wore on, the estate holders nearest to Lower Manhattan began to plan for the eventual northward growth of the city by having their lands surveyed into regularized patterns of roads and blocks of building lots. The Stuyvesant lands were surveyed in the latter decades of the 18th century under the supervision of Petrus II, who had assumed the role of family patriarch following the deaths of his father in and his un-married brother in The planned development centered on Stuyvesant Street—which generally followed the old boundary between Bowery Nos.

Within a few years a modest wave of construction had. Since each estate owner hired their own surveyors, and there was no comprehensive oversight by the city at that time to coordinate their efforts, the developing sections of Lower Manhattan became a hodgepodge of divergent street grids. The city government began to take steps towards regulating its northward growth during the final decades of the 18th century. At first its authority was limited to those lands that it owned outright, although that comprised approximately one-seventh of the total acreage on the island at the time.

The State Legislature substantially expanded the city's power by ceding ownership of all streets on Manhattan to the Common Council in and granting far-reaching privileges to the local government to open and close streets in In the Common Council again petitioned the state for additional assistance in regulating its future development.

The Legislature subsequently created a three person commission that had near-absolute power to lay out streets above the existing limits of the settled city. Under the law, the commission's jurisdiction began at an irregular line running north of the established community in Greenwich Village to the west of the Bowery and along what would become Houston Street to the east, and included the entirety of the Stuyvesant family lands. The final version of the Commissioners' Plan as adopted in pushed a new street grid of numbered streets and avenues through the Stuyvesant property and up to t Street.

A small section of Stuyvesant Street running between Second and Third Avenues was later adopted by the city in the s, while the remainder of the family's property was ultimately developed according to the Commissioners' Plan. The first streets to be opened in the vicinity of the East 10th Street Historic District were the main north-south avenues, which were completed in the s.

At about the same time the Stuyvesant heirs began to sell off large parcels of their former estate for development. The subdivision of the Stuyvesant lands began just as the development of Manhattan Island was pushing northward past Houston Street during the late s.

For a brief period, the side streets near Broadway and the Bowery—the principal north-south thoroughfares—became the city's finest residential district. Bond Street in particular was notable for its concentration of substantial Federal-style row houses, while neighboring Bleecker Street was lined with several.

DePau Row, and Carroll Place. Just to the north, a short length of Lafayette Street was opened on the former site of Vauxhall Gardens between Great Jones Street and Astor Place in ; the city's grandest terrace, known as La Grange Terrace or Colonnade Row, soon rose over that location in East of the Bowery, the Stuyvesant family took a direct role in establishing the fashionable residential character of their former estate by selling their land to respected real estate developers.

One of these was Thomas E. Davis, who in built two terraces of fine Federal-style row houses on both sides of East 8th Street between Third and Second Avenues. Like the terraces on Bleecker Street, Davis's development included ample front yards to give the narrow side street a stately atmosphere, and was given a dignified name, St. Second Avenue also became a favored location for elegant row house construction. Davis also had an interest in the blocks farther east. It was a savvy business move, for that same year the state legislature passed an act creating a public square just across the street on the blocks between East 7th and East 10th Street from Avenues A to B.

The creation of Tompkins Square led many to speculate that the area would become the next favored spot for the city's elite. In Philip Hone, former mayor and a prominent member of New York society, took a walk uptown to look for a site on which to build a new house. His itinerary included all of the newly fashionable blocks north of Houston Street— particularly Lafayette Place, Second Avenue, and St. Mark's Place—but also made a stop at Tompkins Square. Hone thought enough of the area's prospects to purchase two lots on East 10th Street facing the park, although he owned these parcels only briefly and eventually made his home farther south at the corner of Broadway and Great Jones Street.

The following year in , a visiting author from Charleston noted,. Tompkins Square, on the east of the Bowery, between Seventh and Tenth-streets, is handsomely laid out, and affords a fine view of East river and the opposite shore of Long Island. It is a place of great resort during the warm season, especially on Sundays, and is a favorite parade ground for the military corps of the city.

Stages are constantly running between this square and the Battery, and improvements are rapidly going forward in its vicinity. The city itself justified the expense of opening Tompkins Square by predicting the construction of "four lines of magnificent buildings, surrounding this square, to cost from six to ten thousand dollars each house," and noted that such buildings would "be additional subjects for assessments, and increase the taxes to an almost infinite ratio, and in this manner re-imburse the Treasury, for.

Part of their hesitancy may have been caused by a lingering dispute over how best to improve the salt meadows and swampland that comprised most of the land east of Second Avenue. A public treatise from surveyor Daniel Ewen to Charles Henry Hall, published in , noted that more than a million carts of fill would be required to regulate the area up to the level called for in the Commissioners Plan of , and the question of who should bear the cost of such a massive. The delay was further exacerbated by the Panic of and the resulting economic depression, which almost completely halted construction activity throughout the city for several years.

By the early s, however, the city's economy had largely rebounded and to many observers the grand hopes for the Tompkins Square neighborhood seemed to finally be coming to fruition as a group of elegant row houses began to rise on the westerly half of East 10th Street facing the park. The first substantial brick building to be constructed within the historic district appears to have been no. A year or two later, around , the homes at nos.

Pinchbeck and Joseph Trench. The row of four houses at nos. Another group of four houses on the block at to East 10th Street date from around ; they were briefly owned by James C. Whitlock, who was listed in conveyance records and city directories as a mason and builder, and it is possible he was responsible for their construction.

The design of several of the row houses on East 10th Street can be attributed to Trench, a noted architect whose commissions included the A. Conveyance and tax assessment records directly list Trench as the owner of the row at nos. An article in the New York Commercial Advertiser referred to "a new block of buildings opposite Tompkins square, not yet quite finished, erected under the superintendence of Mr. French [sic]," and noted that the houses offered "strong evidence" of "the improvement in architectural science which has.

The "improvement in architectural science" that the author attributed to Trench's East 10th Street row houses may well have been a limited use of the Italianate style, which was just coming to popularity in the mid s. Trench was in fact one of the early pioneers of that mode of architecture, and his design for the A. Stewart Store is universally considered the first.

Several notable early Italianate residences were also designed by Trench, including the freestanding Colonel Herman Thorne mansion at 22 West 16th Street and the James F. Penniman row house on 14th Street at the southern edge of Union Square c. The row houses of East 10th Street were decidedly more modest than either the Thorne or Penniman residences, and their use of the Italianate style was likely limited to a few architectural details on what were otherwise traditional Greek Revival-style buildings.

As architectural historic Charles Lockwood notes, "the rising Italianate influence sometimes appeared on Greek Revival row houses as an elaboration of the Greek facade forms"; these elaborations could include the use Corinthian capitals, dentil courses, and triangular pediments on entrance enframements; round-headed doors or arched entablatures; and iron work employing oblong forms with rounded ends.

From historic images and remaining original building fabric, it seems that Trench's East 10th Street row houses did in fact use many of these embellishments. The four row houses at to East 10th Street, which are not attributed to Trench, also display possible influence of the Italianate style—particularly in the oblong patterns of the iron work that still graces the individual stoop of no.

In other respects the row houses on East 10th Street appear to have followed the traditions of the Greek Revival style. Their facades were composed of red machine-pressed brick rather than the dark brownstone Trench used on his more lavish residential commissions, and which would later become a hallmark of the Italianate style. Most of the buildings were also originally constructed with a short half-height fourth story under a pitched gable roof, a design closer to the typical Greek Revival house of the s than the larger Italianate residence of the s.

And while some of the entrance enframements were embellished with details indicating the influence of the Italianate mode, their basic form derived directly from the Greek Revival tradition with simple pilasters supporting heavy rectangular entablatures. The enframement on East 10th Street, although much altered, retains its basic Greek Revival form, particularly in the use of the protruding "Greek ears. While Joseph Trench's involvement in the design and construction of the East 10th Street row houses, and their early use of Italianate details, gave the area a certain sense of sophistication, the first residents to move into the buildings within the historic were not exactly part of the elite that the Trench and the other developers had probably hoped would occupy their buildings.

Varian, an American- born butcher and grocer. His neighbor, Robert Laton of no. Pinchbeck, who built his own house at no. Max Lilienthal, a German-born rabbi who served as head of Congregation Ansche Chesed on the Lower East Side and was an early leader of the Reform movement in America, briefly owned and lived in the house during the s.

Already by the early s a growing number of foreign immigrants were arriving in New York, primarily from Western Europe, and in the decade between and the city's population. This massive influx of new residents put severe pressure on the city's already-taxed housing stock. The depression following the Panic of , which lasted into , had slowed construction throughout the city so that there was a severe shortage of available space for the newly-arrived immigrants. One solution was to subdivide existing row houses, initially intended for one or two families, into a number of smaller apartments.

Another solution was to construct entirely new buildings specifically designed to house an even. These "tenant houses," or tenements, soon became a common feature in every immigrant neighborhood throughout the city. At the same time, the continuing northward growth of the city that originally lead many to speculate on the grand prospects of Tompkins Square had, by the mid s, begun to push the city's most fashionable residential districts still farther northwards—to Union Square, Stuyvesant Square, and Gramercy Park, and particularly along Fifth Avenue.

The unimproved lots that remained on the block of East 10th Street into the early s were therefore developed not with single-family row houses like their earlier neighbors, but rather with multi-family dwellings. The earliest purpose-built tenements within the historic district are likely the pair at and East 10th Street, which were constructed around for John M. Webb, while two individual tenement houses were erected a couple years later around ; no.

The eastern third of the block, which had previously served as a coal yard, was finally developed with a row of tenement buildings in by William S. Building construction in New York City during the mid 19th century was only minimally regulated by the local government. The Department of Buildings was not established until , and the first law aimed at improving tenement house design was not passed until and even then was limited in scope. The majority of the tenements within the East 10th Street Historic District are therefore of a type commonly referred to as pre-law tenements.

Like most such buildings, the pre-law tenements on East 10th Street are five stories tall and occupy lots about 25 feet wide. With the exception of no. The pre-law tenements also occupied about the same footprint as the row houses of the previous decade, extending only about 50 feet deep on their. These buildings would likely have housed ten to 20 families in four apartments on each of the upper floors, with two rear apartments on the ground floor. Each apartment had two to three rooms, only one of which was lit by natural light; the remaining interior rooms had no direct access to natural light and no ventilation.

The central main entrance at the ground floor was sometimes flanked by storefronts, as seen on the row of tenements at to East 10th Street. Sanitary facilities were located in the rear yard, sharing space with the building's water source; some tenements had the luxury of a common water source on each floor. In some instances, an additional back building was constructed in the rear yard and tenants would have to share existing facilities in an even more constricted space. Within the historic district, both and East 10th Street were built with backhouses.

Stylistically, the pre-law tenements on East 10th Street would have been designed in a simplified version of the Italianate that by the s had become the dominant mode of architecture in New York City. Like the row houses on the same block, many were subsequently altered with updated cornices, window lintels, and sills during the late 19th century, although enough original building fabric remains to suggest their initial appearance. All of the pre-law tenements within the historic district are characterized primarily by their planar facades composed of brick laid in running bond.

The window openings are arranged in regular horizontal rows, typically with four bays per story, and were likely ornamented with molded brownstone. The most detailed element would have been the cornice, which likely would have had acanthus-leaf brackets, modillions, and a frieze decorated with rosettes and molding.

All of the architectural elements that originally ornamented the tenements on East 10th Street would have been widely available from building supply yards, so it is unclear if professional architects were involved in their design or construction. Wright, who developed the row at nos.

Even with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants to the East Village and the corresponding construction of tenement houses in the area during the mid 19th century, the neighborhood did not immediately lose its patrician character. Second Avenue in particular remained respectable well into the late 19th century, while elegant homes—such as the terrace of Anglo-Italianate-style residences at the intersection of East 10th Street and Stuyvesant Street just.

Many of the row houses on East 10th Street facing Tompkins Square were be occupied by their original inhabitants into the s, and in some instances even later. Yet as these families moved out of the neighborhood and sold their buildings, the formerly single-family residences were often converted into multiple dwellings serving the area's immigrant population.

Census records from lists seven. Abigail Chamberlin, presumably Moses's mother. Eliza and Polly Wilmouth, perhaps Julia's mother and sister, also resided in no, , as did Catherine Murphy, a young Irish woman who likely was the family's servant. The census similarly lists eight inhabitants of the house, with Moses and Julia Chamberlin, several members of the Wilmot family, and two female servants from Ireland. By the census, however, there were six separate households living in the building with a total population of seventeen.

By there were 25 total residents comprising four separate households. The majority of the immigrants who settled in the purpose-built tenements and converted row houses of the East 10th Street Historic District during the mid 19th century were of German heritage. Much of what would become the East Village was in fact populated by immigrants from Germany, so much so that the area came to have the third largest concentration of German.

The East Side German neighborhood—popularly known as Kleindeutschland, or Little Germany—was the first cohesive, large-scale ethnic community in the country to retain the language and customs of its homeland. The first German resident on East 10th Street may have been Dr. Lilienthal, the respected rabbi who purchased the Joseph Trench-designed row house at East 10th Street in He was soon followed by countless German immigrants of lesser means who filled the newly- erected tenements and converted row houses on the block.

The six households that occupied the Chamberlin's former row house in , for example, were all of German ancestry, as were the five families who had moved into Dr. Lilienthal's old home by The larger tenements may have had more diverse populations, with a scattering of native-born and Western European residents, but by far the vast majority of the inhabitants of the East 10th Street District throughout the mid and late 19th century was of German origin.

Irish immigrants also had a presence in the Tompkins Square neighborhood, centered on St. Brigid's Roman Catholic Church on the eastern edge of the park only a few blocks from the historic district. The church itself was erected in , while the associated St. Brigid's School was founded in and moved to a dedicated building on East 8th Street between Avenues B and C in The education of female students was supervised by the Sisters of Charity of St.

Vincent de Paul, who by the s had established the select St. Brigid's Academy in a pair of converted row houses at and East 10th Street within the historic district. The tenement at no. William Flannelly—who built, owned, and lived in the structure—was himself an Irish immigrant and it appears he preferred renting his apartments to fellow countrymen. The census lists the population of the building as largely of Irish descent, with family names such as McCullough, McDonough, McGuire, Morgan, Ryan, and White, while the census lists twelve Irish households in the building and a single family from Germany.

As the East Side tenement district grew up around Tompkins Square, the park became an increasingly important, if at time contested, location for political activity and protest. The first major event occurred during the winter of , at the height of a protracted economic depression, when a large crowd regularly gathered to demonstrate about the lack of jobs and food.

Later, in , the park was given over to the Seventh Regiment of the New York National Guard for use as a parade ground; most of the trees were cut down and the recreational character all but obliterated. Local residents continued to use the space, however, and to petition for its restitution as a public park. Some of the trees were replanted in and several renovations were undertaken during the mid s before the park was completely redesigned and restored to general use in These debates over the character of Tompkins Square were occurring during another economic downturn following the Panic of , which lead to the Tompkins Square Riot of in which local residents again demanded jobs and food.

In spite of these moments of conflict, the neighborhood was in general a stable and enjoyable place to live. A commenter in noted, "the immediate surroundings of the square are neat and orderly. The houses are of plain and durable character, though it is clear that the builders of some of the more expensive ones hoped for a richer class of residents than that which occupies them.

The most common changes involved window lintels and sills, which have almost universally been removed, replaced, or covered over with galvanized iron models. Cornices were also commonly replaced, particularly on the s row houses that had their top story raised. The earliest of these alterations may in fact have occurred as these buildings were converted from single-family residences into multiple-family tenements.

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The top floor of East 10th Street, for example, was raised to full height sometime in the mid or late 19th century and a new Italianate-style cornice installed; this probably occurred in the s after the building was sold off by its original owner, William F. The Trench-designed houses at nos.

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It seems likely that new cornices would have been installed at that time, and that the galvanized iron window lintels and sills that still adorn most of the row may also date from that period since those on the raised top story match the ones on the lower floors.

The new cornices on to East 10th Street, like many of the modernized architectural elements from the late 19th century, were of very high quality and displayed the influence of the Queen Anne style. Other notable examples include nos. The pedimented lintels and bracketed sills, as well as the pedimented cornice, of no. The best-documented modernization of a former row house was for the pair of houses at and East 10th Street, which at the time were still in use as St.

Brigid's Academy run by the Sisters of Charity of St. Alterations permits filed by architect Franklin Baylies in note that the window lintels were to be reset, that the lintels and sills were to be covered with galvanized iron, and that a new galvanized iron cornice was to be set across the front of both buildings. These changes transformed what were likely traditional Greek Revival- style row houses into a distinctive Gothic Revival ensemble—with drop-eared lintels and a cornice ornamented with quatrefoils and other medieval patterns—that was perhaps seen as more appropriate for a church-affiliated school.

Several of the purpose-built tenement buildings also received facade updates in the late 19th century. The tenements at nos. The most radical tenement alteration came in when East 10th Street was given an entirely new front facade designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Harry Zlot. Another wave of modernizations came during the s and s when several of the row houses had their stoop removed and the primary entrance moved to what had formerly been the raised basement.

Often this was done to accommodate an institutional or commercial tenant on the ground floor. A few new building were also erected within the historic district during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A pair of tenement buildings went up at nos. Both were designed by Benjamin E. Lowe in the Romanesque Revival style and are characterized by their rusticated brownstone bases, strong brick piers separating the window bays on the upper stories, and the use of round-arched forms in the terra-cotta window tympanum and top story arcade.

These building were erected following the Tenement House Acts of and , but before major reforms were implemented with the Tenement House Act of , and are of a type known as old-law tenements. The primary difference between these newer buildings and the earlier pre-law tenements was the requirement that every room should have direct access to some amount of light and air; thus, all rooms were required to have windows giving onto the street, rear yard, or an air shaft. The air shaft proved to be the most important feature required by the law, effectively shrinking and reconfiguring the tenement's footprint on the traditional 25' by ' New York City lot.

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The resulting plan tenement resembled a dumbbell weight, giving rise to the term "dumbbell tenement. The East 10th Street site was chosen in part because of its central and conspicuous location within the densely populated East Side tenement district.

The library's classically-inspired style, with its characteristic vertical plan, offset entrance, carved stone ornament, and tall arched first floor windows providing abundant lighting to a simple interior, is characteristic of the urban Carnegie library type. The German community of Kleindeutschland continued to play an important role in the neighborhood into the early 20th century, even as a second wave of immigrants—this time largely composed of Eastern European and Russian Jews—started to replace the earlier residents beginning in the s.

Second Avenue between East 14th and Houston Streets in particular was known as the "Yiddish Rialto" for its role as the world's center of Yiddish theater. On East 10th Street, the buildings at nos. Their immigration was encouraged by the government as a source of cheap labor, particularly for the garment trades, hotels, and small manufacturing. The community named itself Loisaida to symbolize the. The residential desirability of the neighborhood increased with the removal of the Third Avenue El in As indicated by Terry Miller,.

The psychological barrier that had marked the eastern boundary of Greenwich Village was gone. Blocks that once had no prestige were suddenly seen as intriguing, and apartments here were less costly than those in Greenwich Village As artists and writers moved east, the blocks from St. Realtors began marketing the area as "Village East," and by as the "East Village," a name that stuck. The neighborhood's shifting cultural scene also attracted new residents to the area.

Auden, and was renowned for its protest art and politics, galleries, poetry and coffee houses, bookstores, clubs, with a "counterculture" scene centered on St. In the s and s, as New York City lost over half of its manufacturing jobs as well as a significant part of its population, the East Village—particularly the farther eastern section— suffered through a period of decline with deteriorating infrastructure and housing stock, and lack of municipal investment. Following New York's fiscal crisis of , many property owners in the area walked away from their buildings.

Loisada or "Alphabet City" was often considered one of the rougher Manhattan neighborhoods in the s and s. Arson targeted certain properties, though those local residents and community groups determined to stay began to rehabilitate buildings through sweat-equity. As in previous periods of unrest, Tompkins Square was once again a locus for political activity and protest, particularly during the rioting that occurred in following the imposition of a park curfew and the eviction of the area's homeless population.

For other uses, see Barack disambiguation and Obama disambiguation. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois from until he resigned following his election to the presidency. He was inaugurated as President on January 20, He worked as a community organizer, and practiced as a civil rights attorney in Chicago before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from to Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.

House of Representatives in , Obama was elected to the Senate in November Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July As a member of the Democratic minority in the th Congress, Obama helped create legislation to control conventional weapons and to promote greater public accountability in the use of federal funds.

During the th Congress, he helped create legislation regarding lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, nuclear terrorism, and care for U. After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Soeharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in , all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to Indonesia. Francis of Assisi School, until he was ten years old.

He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, while attending Punahou School from the fifth grade in until his graduation from high school in She stayed there most of the rest of her life, returning to Hawaii in She died of ovarian cancer in Of his early childhood, Obama has recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk — barely registered in my mind.

Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age, and that he sometimes attended college parties and other events in order to associate with African American students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years. He worked there for three years from June to May His achievements included helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[32] and president of the journal in his second year. Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[33] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months.

The manuscript was finally published in mid as Dreams from My Father. From April to October , Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and seven hundred volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering , of , unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.

He was first classified as a Lecturer from to and then as a Senior Lecturer from to Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in , resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in , defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the General Election, and reelected again in House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.

In January , Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms. In mid, Obama began considering a run for the U.

Senate; he enlisted political strategist David Axelrod that fall and formally announced his candidacy in January Bill programs, Obama spoke about changing the U. He questioned the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War and highlighted America's obligations to its soldiers. Drawing examples from U. Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, The National Journal ranked him as the "most liberal" senator based on an assessment of selected votes during ; in he was ranked sixteenth most liberal, and in he was ranked tenth.

Lugar—Obama, which expanded the Nunn—Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[78] and the Coburn—Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending. Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee. In December , President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.

He met with Mahmoud Abbas before he became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government. Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, Obama stands on stage with his wife and two daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, Feb. During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.

A large number of candidates initially entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. After a few initial contests, the field narrowed to a contest between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton, with each winning some states and the race remaining close throughout the primary process.

Clinton suspended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7. On August 23, , Obama announced that he had selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate. Obama delivers his presidential election victory speech. At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Obama's former rival Hillary Clinton gave a speech in support of Obama's candidacy and later called for Obama to be nominated by acclamation as the Democratic presidential candidate.

During the speech, which was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide, he accepted his party's nomination and presented his policy goals. After McCain was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate, there were three presidential debates between Obama and McCain in September and October His election sparked street celebrations in numerous cities in the United States[] and abroad.

President-elect Obama meets with President George W.

Bush in the Oval Office, November 10, On January 8, , the joint session of the U. Congress met to certify the votes of the Electoral College for the presidential election. Based on the results of the electoral vote count, Barack Obama was declared to have been elected President of the United States and Joseph Biden was declared to have been elected Vice President of the United States.

The theme of the inauguration was "A New Birth of Freedom," commemorating the th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda reversing President Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions known as the Global Gag Rule ,[] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act,[] directing the U. Obama campaigning in Abington, Pennsylvania, October Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.

Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza,[] speaking out against the war. Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not "weaponize" space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems," and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons.

Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U. In November , Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government. In a December , Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April , Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.

Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example. Obama speaking at a rally at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.

In September , he blamed special interests for distorting the U. Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups. Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama. In June , Obama met Michelle Robinson, who later became his wife, when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.

When they moved to Washington, D. Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years. Obama playing basketball with U. Obama's great-uncle served in the 89th Division that overran Ohrdruf,[] the first Nazi camp liberated by U. Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.

Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views have evolved in his adult life.

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In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household. Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian Bahasa Indonesia , at least on a colloquial level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta. With his black Kenyan father and white American mother, his upbringing in Honolulu and Jakarta, and his Ivy League education, Obama's early life experiences differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the s through participation in the civil rights movement.

Obama said that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong. Echoing the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October campaign speech, saying: Bush, Barack Obama, George W. Obama has been praised as a master of oratory on par with other renowned speakers in the past such as Martin Luther King, Jr.

Roosevelt's famous fireside chats throughout his term as president to explain his policies and actions. Many commentators mentioned Obama's international appeal as a defining factor for his public image. In December , Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments.

Department of Health, Hawaii. Retrieved on 27 October Retrieved on November 30 Retrieved on 23 November For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales", East African Retrieved on 13 April Archived from the original on 27 September Not just a girl from Kansas: Retrieved on 9 April Retrieved on 24 June In August , Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Obama , , Chapters 3 and 4. Serrano, Richard A March 11, Retrieved on 4 January In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager "When I was a kid, I inhaled.

Romano, Lois January 3, Seelye, Katharine Q October 24, J February 8, Retrieved on 9 June The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on Tied markets to social aid", Boston Globe. Who's Who in America,

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