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However, rather than using a conventional plasma as a propellant, a QVT uses the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the zero-point field. The name and concept is controversial. In , Yu Zhu and others at China's Northwestern Polytechnical University claimed to measure thrust from such a thruster, but called it a "microwave thruster without propellant" working on quantum principles.
Other physicists, such as Sean M.
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Carroll and John Baez , dismiss it because the quantum vacuum as currently understood is not a plasma and does not possess plasma-like characteristics. Very few serious physicists take the time to figure out what's wrong with the quantum vacuum concept in the various applications that proponents salivate over because the ideas are best quietly ignored. However, on a rare occasion that someone looks into the concepts in more detail the analysis proves faulty, as e.
A vacuum can be viewed not as empty space but as the combination of all zero-point fields. According to quantum field theory the universe is made up of matter fields whose quanta are fermions e. All these fields have some intrinsic zero-point energy. Virtual particles spontaneously flash into existence and annihilate each other at every point in space due to the energy of quantum fluctuations. The Casimir effect is a weak force between two uncharged conductive plates caused by the zero-point energy of the vacuum.
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It was first observed experimentally by Lamoreaux [12] [13] and results showing the force have been repeatedly replicated. When the speed of the mirror begins to match the speed of the photons, some photons become separated from their virtual pair and so do not get annihilated.
Obinna Abah and Eric Lutz. It is widely recognized that this controversy is an argument about definition of the interaction between matter and fields. We are selling used spares for Toyota Quantum. Continuous devices include solar cells converting solar radiation to electrical power, thermoelectric where the output is current and lasers where the output power is coherent light. ST Bakkies, Now Stripping. Curiously, the platform itself never exerts a force to raise the neutron.
Virtual photons become real and the mirror begins to produce light. This is an example of Unruh radiation. These results were debated in a number of follow up papers [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] in particular van Tiggelen et al. It is widely recognized that this controversy is an argument about definition of the interaction between matter and fields.
A QVT system seeks to make use of this predicted Casimir-like momentum transfer. It is argued that when the vacuum is exposed to crossed electric and magnetic fields i. E and B-fields , it will induce a drift of the entire vacuum plasma which is orthogonal to that of the applied E x B fields.
White models of the perturbed quantum vacuum around a hydrogen atom as a Dirac vacuum consisting of virtual electron-positron pairs. Given the nontrivial variability in local energy densities resulting from virtual pair production, he suggests the tools of magnetohydrodynamics MHD can be used to model the quasiclassical behavior of the quantum vacuum as a plasma. White compares changes in vacuum energy density induced by matter to the hypothetical chameleon field or quintessence currently being discussed in the scientific literature.
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Evidence for quintessence would come from violations of Einstein's equivalence principle and variation of the fundamental constants [42] [43] ideas which are due to be tested by the Euclid telescope which is set to launch in Systems utilizing Casimir effects have thus far been shown to only create very small forces and are generally considered one-shot devices that would require a subsequent energy to recharge them i.
Forward's "vacuum fluctuation battery". In SED the motion of a particle immersed in the stochastic zero-point radiation field generally results in highly nonlinear behaviour. Quantum effects emerge as a result of permanent matter-field interactions not possible to describe in QED [48] The typical mathematical models used in classical electromagnetism , quantum electrodynamics QED and the standard model view electromagnetism as a U 1 gauge theory, which topologically restricts any complex nonlinear interaction.
The electromagnetic vacuum in these theories is generally viewed as a linear system with no overall observable consequence.
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Pilot-wave interpretations of quantum mechanics are a family of deterministic nonlocal theories distinct from other more mainstream interpretations such as the Copenhagen interpretation and Everett's many-worlds interpretation. Pioneering experiments by Couder and Fort beginning in [51] have shown that macroscopic classical pilot-waves can exhibit characteristics previously thought to be restricted to the quantum realm. Hydrodynamic pilot-wave analogs have been able to duplicate the double slit experiment, tunneling, quantized orbits, and numerous other quantum phenomena and as such pilot-wave theories are experiencing a resurgence in interest.
A dissipative system is characterized by the spontaneous appearance of symmetry breaking anisotropy and the formation of complex, sometimes chaotic or emergent , dynamics where interacting fields can exhibit long range correlations. Modern approaches to SED consider wave and particle-like quantum effects as well-coordinated emergent systems that are the result of speculated sub-quantum interactions with the zero-point field [48] [56] [57].
Some notable physicists have found the Q-thruster concept to be implausible. For example, mathematical physicist John Baez has criticized the reference to "quantum vacuum virtual plasma" noting that: However, Lafleur noted that this conclusion was based on the assumption that the electric and magnetic fields were homogeneous, whereas certain theories posit a small net force in inhomogeneous vacuums.
Notably, the violation of energy and momentum conservation laws have been heavily criticized.
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In a presentation at Nasa Ames Research Centre in November , Harold White addressed the issue of conservation of momentum by stating that the Q-thruster conserves momentum by creating a wake or anisotropic state in the quantum vacuum. White indicated that once false positives were ruled out, Eagleworks would explore the momentum distribution and divergence angle of the quantum vacuum wake using a second Q-thruster to measure the quantum vacuum wake. White stated that this principle was similar to how a submarine uses its propeller to push water in one direction, while the submarine recoils to conserve momentum.
A number of physicists have suggested that a spacecraft or object may generate thrust through its interaction with the quantum vacuum. For example, Fabrizio Pinto in a paper published in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society noted it may be possible to bring a cluster of polarisable vacuum particles to a hover in the laboratory and then to transfer thrust to a macroscopic accelerating vehicle. The Eagleworks team has theorized that this device is a Q-thruster. Using the same measurement equipment, a non-zero force was also measured on a "null" resonator that was not designed to experience any such force, which they suggest hints at "interaction with the quantum vacuum virtual plasma".
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