Transkulturelle Genderforschung: Ein Studienbuch zum Verhältnis von Kultur und Geschlecht (Geschlech

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I am digressing here because I want to make a point about the importance of the western intellectual and cultural roots and how it is the bedrock upon which most of our thinking rests upon, and why we do not have a choice but to own it. And if we do not come to terms with this we are in denial and we will not understand difference ever, no matter how sympathetic or empathetic we want to be, because we are bound to define difference by knowing what is the same, or the proper.

We can transcend these cultural limits to an extent, but we cannot erase them. Occidental Christianity has continued to shape her work, but even traces of the Hegelianism that marked her early work were never really wiped out. But we need to get to the point to what is at stake in the distinctive features of PT and LT. At the beginning of the sixth book of his Metaphysics, Aristotle, a shoulder upon which the West to a large measure stands, distinguishes three unique human faculties dianoia: For my argument here it is important For Aristotle but this was true already for Plato the distinctiveness of poiesis and the verb poieo, in contrast to praxis, is that it designates an activity that results in a production of something, entailing an objective result, while praxis conveys a deed done that has an inter-subjective effect but does not result in a positive and material outcome.

It was only when Latin replaced Greek as the lingua franca in the Western world that these two senses collapsed into one word actio action. The analogy to the Greek theater is fitting here. Poiesis describes the labor of those who built the theater, set the stage and also wrote the play. Praxis, in turn, describes the activity of the actors performing the play.

The verb poieo, is used in the Septuagint to translate God s creative activity, including the Hebrew barah of which God is the exclusive subject. In the New Testament the verb is used to describe Jesus healings. However, Aristotle s accepted distinction between praxis and poiesis in the Greek speaking world of antiquity underwent a convoluted history since its reception in the Latin world. These two faculties, through the Middle Ages and well into modernity, were subsumed under the notion of action actio or practice praxis, since Duns Scotus.

The distinction between praxis and poiesis would return explicitly to the philosophical and theological vocabulary only with Hegel s Phenomenology in the section regarding the master and bondsman relation. Work or labor Arbeit in the sense of poiesis is presented by Hegel as the self-actualization of the human in transforming the material world in distinction to the inter-personal relation praxis between the two exemplary figures.

The uniqueness of this conception of production as self-production was further developed by Marx s definition of work Arbeit as a metabolism Stoffwechsel between the worker and nature. This metabolic relationship forces of production was set apart from the socio-political sphere inter-subjective relations of production to which the term praxis was normally applied. Praxis in its narrow sense, with its inter-subjective structure, constitutes itself discursively as explanatory narrative and public communication. It is the medium of human communicative action, moral deliberation and juridical legislation, and all that is required for procedural actions in the polis; it pertains to the life in the polis and the actions necessary to administer it: Poiesis, on the other hand, describes all the activity that aims at providing the objective means for the sustenance of life including intellectual nourishment, hence the etymological root Oeconomia in medieval society entailed basically domestic relations, relations of production and reproduction at a time when the household and the economy, in the modern sense of the term after the Industrial Revolution , shared the same social space.

It was in this institutional reality with its distinctiveness that the Aristotelian poietic faculty, as opposed to the political faculty praxis , was preserved. And it is from this background that it should be read and understood in order to make sense of what is the grounding difference between PT and LT. PT from the s has its roots in the work of J.

Metz, Theology of the World and found ten years later its most systematic formulation in the work of Helmut Peukert, Wissenschaftstheorie, Handlungstheorie, Fundamentale Theologie The salient feature of the Frankfurt thinkers was precisely to rediscover the unique role of praxis in the formation of the political by identifying a sphere of existence determined by inter-subjective communicative action. Marx s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts was only published in the s, after the Soviet Revolution had taken place, and the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt had been established.

The Manuscripts had enormous influence, for, in it, unlike in Das Kapital that has been for long been available , the category of praxis and the effects of existential alienation recover the distinctiveness of the ancient notion of praxis in relation to production poiesis. To have recovered the unique character of human sociability and the pursuance of an authentic existence has been one of the most important contributions of the Frankfurt School in addressing the problems of economically highly developed societies.

The economy and the household, might have problems, but the basic production for the sustenance of life are attainable, and sexual reproduction is not a burden for women as when the rate of infant mortality demanded high numeric progeny. So the pressing question is: How is life to be lived authentically in the midst of all the alienation that prosperous societies produce as its side-effect.

PT took this theory of communicative action to use Habermas language and pressed the limit question. If the ideal of inter-subjective communication is to achieve equity among all the players in the social whole and therefore render life meaningful, there is always a deficit of meaning whose cipher is death.

But more important for PT was not only the individual s own death, but the death of any victim, particularly those whose lives have been rendered to oblivion we don t need to be reminded that this theology was done in the shadows of the Shoah. The goal is to develop a theology of communicative action in which one s own death and the The universal solidarity with the victims opens up for theology a realm of inquiry that critical theory as developed by the Frankfurt School except for Benjamin could not address.

The victims, particularly those whose memories are lost or cannot be remembered, will only allow for a meaningful present if it is kept in God s remembrance, as Benjamin claimed. Communicative action, inter-subjective solidarity can only be achieved if the historical memory of the victims of the past, as memoria passionis, has a claim upon the present that will only be redeemable if kept ultimately in God s remembrance. The point here is that the poietic, the economic dimension that deals with objective results that count for the sustenance of present life is bracketed.

It is bracketed, because the economy by producing objective reality is concerned not with temporality as such, but fundamentally with spatial questions. Praxis on the other hand is fundamentally about that which happens in time and therefore the concern with the totality of time without which the present never acquires whole meaning, authentic meaning. I will leave this discussion on PT for people here who are much more competent than I am to articulate, nuance or reject the sketchy interpretation that I am offering.

And this is exemplarily offered by LT s response to what has become a mantra question of PT: How to do theology after Auschwitz? Auschwitz is a synecdoche [pars pro toto] of the Shoah. LT, with respect, answered: Our question is different: How to do theology in the midst of Auschwitz? In this case Auschwitz is used as a metonymy. The rephrasing of the question implies a move from the temporal dimension after to spatiality in the midst of. The point is that as much as praxis functions as a commanding category for proposing a fundamental theology in PT, it is poiesis that has a comparable role in LT.

The word liberation has a long history in the Christian tradition since Paul see my art. Befreiung in RGG 4. It distinguishes itself from liberty or freedom. Since the German and the Scottish Enlightenment movements of the 18 th century freedom has been defined by its negative qualities. Freedom is not to have one s own borders transgressed. To phrase simply, it means freedom from. Liberation, on the other hand, places the emphasis on the actualization of what freedom accomplishes if it is real freedom. In other words, it needs to present an actual reality.

In short, it is about freedom for. To phrase the distinction in a simple way, LT was not so much Most of what is done under the seal of LT has better things to do than ponder about the methodological and epistemological queries I am raising here. To those LT addresses, often the presupposition of poiesis that I am lifting up here, is selfevident.

The question is not the metaphysical one Leibniz of asking why there is something instead of nothing, but why there is nothing instead of bread at the table. The questions that prompted the emergence of LT are not the ones we are asking ourselves here today. Here I am not addressing this to the peasants I worked with, to people that need to figure out what can we say and what we say when we theologize. What is at stake is not a question of opting between theological models, but of acknowledging what do they do to the people they address.

For those to whom LT speaks loud and clear, it is the question of carving a space for survival, nourishment, and growth when there is none or precious little. For PT the main challenge is to keep alive the memory of those trodden and victimized in the history of barbarianism, which is the history of every civilization Benjamin since Cain was the builder of the first city.

LT along with postcolonial theories is concerned primarily, but not exclusively! To put it almost graphically, PT and LT are currents of theological thought that meet each other in a whirlwind even as they come from opposite directions and form a tempest. While PT has levered its criticism against progressivism, LT has done the same against colonialism, the occupation of the space in which life can thrive and prosper. In my reading of PT, Christology works primarily as a form of representation by proxy Stellvertretung , as in political and juridical representation.

For LT, Christology adopts another motif of representation, that one of an image, icon, picture or poetry Vorstellung, or Darstellung. And she honored them. Between these two, I call attention to other two. This is only a sample of quite an amazing production done over about two decades. But what intrigues me is the use of the motif of representation of Christ as Stellvertreter and the image of Christ that in lavishly poetic poietic language she used in To Work and to Love.

Never before has the need to respect the rights of a human being been as evident as in out times; it is a topic to which this untiring liberation theologian dedicated her life, showing her solidarity with developing countries victimized by exploitation. For this poet, activist, dazzling mystic and incisive analyst of society, while the Church and the State can and should be kept separate, faith and theology are inseparable from a practical commitment with the world. It is an unjustly organized world whose order has been and is legitimized by certain theologies.

Her vital path evidences how courage and freedom constitute a professional risk in theology. Born in Germany in in a protestant middle class family, she grew up during the rise of Nazism and the Second World War. Her family hid Jewish people at their house. She acquired her faith on her own, after a personal quest of meaning in a nation which dragged its past as a burden. My faith comes from Auschwitz, from the German catastrophe, she would say. The point of departure for her reflection was questioning a theology that had made Christianity compatible with gas chambers for millions of Germans.

She was married twice and had four children. She was never interested in organized religion; but she was indeed interested in the experience of a live God in the heart of reality; in everyday life, so trivialized and insulted by evasion theology and spiritualism; and in the ethical, social and political contemporary conflicts: For her, there is a clear connection between mystical experience and political activism, between suffering and pacific resistance to face injustice.

She was a controversial figure, and at the same time appealing and widely read not only by the evangelical Christians, her denomination, but also by many other people because of her balance between mysticism and political commitment. After her death in Maria Jepsen, the first woman to be appointed Bishop of the Lutheran Church in the world declared that, she represented and would remain as the political conscience of Protestantism. Manfred Koch, then President of the German Evangelical Church praised her as a significant part of our Church, which has preserved it from its religious exclusivity.

For her the fact of not having been born in the heart of the Church was beneficial because it gave her enough distance to distinguish the Church from above and the Church from below ; that which is not identified with the powers of this world but is born form the living experience of the God of Life. The testimony of faith that she offers possesses a clear sense of the somewhat charismatic role of Christian thought.

In her book Imagination and Obedience, published in Germany in and translated into Spanish three years later, she gives an anthropological vision, or rather a perspective in twelve tightly written chapters. A mandatory reading for my Ethics students at the Evangelical Theological Seminary in Matanzas, Cuba, her work criticizes obedience and suggests creative imagination.

Notwithstanding the fact that speaking of Jesus imagination seemed risky, she does so. She brings us her example not only as a promoter of old forms of virtue, but also as a rabbi far from allowing to be enslaved by the rules of tradition. She always added, But I tell you. In other words, Jesus did not bring new virtues or new tasks; he brought happiness to human beings that gave new bases and possibilities to virtue. Carrasco writes that this work is the testimony of a passionately impulsive faith that tries to educate the Christian mind with the fully flavored and hopeful proposal of fighting to transform the reality of the world by changing all human relations Ibidem.

Yes, Dorothee points out what is already imposed in the Old Testament in Micah 6: As it is known, in the Old Testament obedience goes hand in hand with justice. On the other hand, in the New Testament obedience in Paul the Apostle is united to faith and not to submission and domination.

That obedience of faith must liberate us from oppressive domination which limits dignity in our humanity. But following the narrative emphasis of many of her books, I will first tell you a story of one of my experiences during Pope Benedict XVI s visit to the 5 th General Conference of the Latin American and Caribbean Episcopate, the most important meeting which Catholic Bishops hold in our region. Such Conferences are held every fifteen years approximately, usually called by the Pope, who defines its objective, approves the central topic, pronounces the opening speech and finally authorizes the final document.

The press informed that in the plane towards Brazil the Pope had commented that the emphasis on the Theology of Liberation in our region had ended. However, the group of men and women theologians of liberation gathered near the Basilica of the Virgen Aparecida. Every night representatives of diverse religions and grassroots communities gathered with the Indo American group and we analyzed the documents and prepared our response to them. Every night we went to that meeting and every morning our task was to place the documents in the Bishops boxes.

Indo-American Press Services Ltd. She claimed that Faith is a form of praxis. My active life, my wishes, my hopes, my anxieties, all these are part of my praxis. Just to think of the mere sequence of actions in our life would be to misunderstand praxis. What we do not, what we go along with, what we are silent about, is also praxis. And just as faith needs theology in its search for self-understanding, so the praxis of our life constantly needs interruption, interiorization, theory, intellectual assurance, clarification, self-criticism, which then lead to more conscious praxis.

There is a circular movement from praxis to theorical reflection 1 , and back again to changed praxis 2. This circle of human learning is also a circle of human life: Theology is not there for its own sake but to help us to grow in faith. The thought model of theology begins and ends, with praxis, lived out faith.

I like very much her analysis of this in the phrase: What was bread has become a stone. Praying for our political representatives or for justice and peace just that, according to her, is like praying for rain without having planted trees or stopped desertification. We have no right to expect for help from the other world without feeling actively involved in it. An Introduction to Theology, Philadelphia: International Press, pp Ibidem, p.

After feeling comforted and consoled by that prayer, we can then perform the essential thing: In that way we are also endorsing the coresponsibility of the future of the Kingdom, and we send away from us the temptation of leaving for a magical God the tasks that correspond to us. I command you, rise The strength that comes from this phrase and that we should embrace refers to God s creative strength, which creates out of nothingness. Because of Jesus example and because of the Spirit s discernment and strength we are able to respond fearless in the face of injustice, violence and environmental pollution.

And she clarifies that it is about freedom for the others, not mere egocentric free will. This freedom is the secret to creativity and happiness. That is how she considers Jesus as the happiest man on earth. Let us go across to the other side Mark 4. And the other side is always these incredible places where God is acting and revealing with words and powerful changes. Dorothee says, It is important that the Bible is not Thierry Verhelst: An Introduction to Theology, ed.

As a proof of the power of God 2. As the capacity to share, with a community spirit emphasis in liberal theology 3. As what s mine is yours; this is the meaning of life. Keeping a distance between what s mine and what s yours means death. It is Ubuntu from Africa, sumak kawsay good living of the Andean aborigines liberation theology.

We are used to the miracle of the multiplication of material goods in the consumer society.

Today almost everything is made in an assembly line; there is more wealth on the earth. However, it is necessary to put into practice urgently another miracle, even bigger, more difficult to make. This is about the miracle of sharing what there is already among all of us, practicing the communion of properties.

The consumption society makes the miracle of the multiplication of fish and bread on a daily basis in modern times; but paradoxically the most radical scarcity, the most incredible poverty, the most inhuman underdevelopment, the most brutal ignorance, the most absolute lack of education increase every day. Only a few benefit from the miracle of the multiplication of consumer goods, those who are used to make a profit and get rich to the detriment of the vast majority of those who inhabit the planet Earth. It is not so much about multiplying but about dividing.

At least this is the way that Jesus teaches in the story of the so called multiplication of bread, because the word multiplication does not appear there. The situation of those people was similar to that of many human beings today: Send the multitude away, that they may go into the towns and country round about, and lodge, and get victuals: Luke 9,12,ss The greatest part of humanity is in a desert place lacking the most vital needs: Unexpectedly, Jesus invites his disciples to make the miracle: Give ye them to eat.

And since they thought that the miracle consisted in multiplying food, they reply, We have no more but five loaves and two fishes; except we should go and buy meat for all this people they were about five thousand people. So their solution to solve the problem is enviable: But Jesus tries to show that buying is not the way. Make them sit down by fifties in a company, and they did so, and made them all sit down 10 Idem, p. Taking the five loaves of bread, he blessed them, and gave them to the disciples to set before the multitude. Jesus does not buy or multiply, but divides up and shares.

Perhaps this is the way to come out of this dead end alley where humans have put themselves into. Dividing up the bread among all, women, men and children, breaking to share, that was, thanks God, the technique by which he managed to multiply. Along with this, this is the symbol of Eucharist: For Dorothee, instead of the Word of God, she prefers the praxis of Jesus. The Bible from the perspective of the poor in liberation theology is a piece of bread that nurtures them. Intercultural Reading of the Bible Dorothee surprises me when I read her books and discover how she was ahead of her time; how she left in each word beads of wisdom illuminating the difficult paths we are traveling.

I have dared to call her theology as opening path theology. In the words of Spanish poet Antonio Machado, caminante no hay camino, se hace camino al andar traveler there is no way; way leads unto way. That is path theology. She discovered a new path to understand sin in the biblical story of Genesis, during one of her lessons in Nicaragua. Let s hear her voice: In I taught at a Baptist Seminary in Nicaragua. The students, male and female, some of them already pastors, had not had particularly good theological training.

But when I tried to say something to them about sin, they taught me very simple and very much in accordance with scripture. While I was still speculating on selflove, power and isolation, a black woman pastor interrupted me and said: But it s quite clear. Adam and Eve wanted to have more than others and so they ate the apple, and that is covetousness, sin is the immeasurable greed of people who wants to posses something, and everything else follows from his desire to possess.

Intercultural reading of the Bible can thus signify an enormous enrichment and liberation of people from the prison of their own culture of context. It is in fact astonishing how one and the same biblical story can be read in different ways. She affirms, Now that God is, for me, no longer imprisoned in images of rules, King, and father, I want to reconcile my faith in Christ with my new understanding of God the Creator. Creation must be seen in a spirit of interpersonal relationships; we cannot exist without the others.

The central element of creation if love. So we have to learn to interpret the world, assuming that everything is interrelated, everything is interdependent, and all the evil we cause will forcefully turn against us. The key intuition of ecofeminism is similar: We are part of a tissue which is part of this frail fabric which we call Earth. At the same time we have to look for a more holistic cosmovision that recognizes and celebrates the fabric of life.

There is no Other, whether woman or man; I am the Other. In a familiar and simple story at home Dorothee expressed that: The most important question for an ecological theology seems to me to be how we can express trust in the creator God and reverence for creation in our lives. The important thing is to love creation, to train oneself and one s children to be aware of creation.

With my small two-year-old grandson I have planted bulbs in the earth; I have explained to him that now winter is coming and first the flowers have to sleep, and also that the earthworms now no longer come far enough up for us to be able to see them. To Work and to Love: Fortress Press, p Ibidem, p.

Thinking of and naming God from a feminist reality and experience is a passionate task for women dedicated to doing theology in a community of faith that has been thinking and naming God for more than twenty centuries under determined concepts and with an exclusively masculine and kiriopatriarchal language. Dorothee was a missionary woman, a missionary committed to the cause of women and of the poor. When she died she left for us a profoundly kenotic theology, practically snatched from the dumping places where she found the poor, which made her feel an incarnate and poor God.

She knew about God in the midst of human suffering and from this position she lived the experience and explained it theologically; translating the theology learned at the university and taught in New York into simple words coming from everyday experience and from the tragedy of crucified human beings of the peoples of Central America. Her work is disquieting. Her book Reflections about God entails a whole theological treaty written from a feminist perspective.

The first thing she poses is, To talk about God! I want to do it, but I always fail! It is about failing to speak about God in words that do not reach out to people. Who is God for a young father who is unemployed? For an undocumented immigrant of dark skin? For a woman who dedicates to prostitution?

For an entrepreneur swollen by money and power? Or for a peasant with no land in any of the so called Third World countries? We can only speak of God when we speak to God. It is not about a pious and scholastic language; God is not the father who fixes everything. Some believers have not overcome this childish way of imagining God.

The God of Jesus Christ is powerless, little and weak, irrelevant for the vast majority of people. That is why for her, feminist theology has as an undeniable mission: She will say, We need a language that can say more than what can be justified empirically. Otherwise we turn God into an idol. Perhaps for this reason feminist theology is today the clearest expression of the struggle against patriarchal ideology, for love to the greatest Deity.

For this reason the image of the father must be interpreted departing from the Kingdom of God and not the other way around. Living in this divine paternity will only be achieved when we understand that, the power of God is only a biofile when it is a This implies breaking away with idols, being iconoclast with the images of God that are oriented towards the adoration of power. God s masculinization, intensified to extremes in Christianity, as it is expressed in the purely androcentric language is always accompanied with the male s divinization.

Patriarchate in its way of speaking about God errs as to God s transcendence. This is a synthesis of the state of feminist theology in the 21 st century. She concludes by affirming that in theology, what we are lacking are not images of God, but a memorable experience of God. We will have to learn from God to speak not only of the Father who is mightiest, but of the Mother who suffers about everything, who sustains everything, because she has no more power than her immense compassion. God would not be able to comfort us if he were not part of our pain.

Gender studies

This is the expression of a new political theology of a feminist perspective. This theology of life is based on understanding sharing and mutuality. Mutuality, according to Dorothee, is one of the most important categories of the new political theology that must be understood as theology of life ; it is the key to understanding the truth about the world, the human being and Creation.

And life is in the streets, in the houses, in the relationships we create, in the wars we avoid, and in the dignity which is claimed for all and every human being and for the whole creation. Pensar y nombrar a Dios en perspectiva feminista, en: Was erreicht ist - was noch aussteht. Feministische Theologie und Gender-Forschung. Bilanz, Perspektiven, Akzente, Leipzig,, pp.

These are her ideas in her book The Silent Cry. I understand that for this author mysticism is linked to what is authentically human; that is, she is not comfortable with the current situation of humanity. For the service to our neighbor we must have the necessary spiritual strength, and mysticism is one of these forms of spirituality. On the other hand, Monsignor Oscar Arnulfo Romero, Salvadorian Catholic priest and Metropolitan Archbishop of San Salvador, always spoke of the open-eyed mystic, because contemplating God is following him, and what we have acquired through contemplation must be shared in love.

In The Window of Vulnerability Dorothee points out that, The impoverishment of the majority of the world population, the destruction of nature, and the most gigantic militarism of all time at any rate, exciting a growing resistance every man and every woman who opposes the basic tendencies listed above, even in the most harmless form, such as a signature on a petition or participation in a legitimate and publicly registered demonstration, is putting him or herself in danger today.

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Some examples of this situation are the protests and of university students in Chile and abuse by the police because they are claiming for an education for all, with affordable fees for Chilean families; and the Occupy movements in Europe and the United States, which has occupied squares and streets expressing their concerns for unemployment and economic anguish that sends families into the streets and individuals into suicide. Meanwhile the press informs that Germany maintains a stable and secure economy. Maybe Dorothee would ask today, why? Is it because Germany is demanding too much of the countries that conform the European Union so that she keeps German economy stable and sound?

The Window of Vulnerability: We are also very much concerned about the conflict in the Korean peninsula, the possible intervention of the Northern countries and the difficult situation in the Middle East. In the path of our faith we suffer the vulnerability which Dorothee speaks about when she states, We want peace, not security, following Mahatma Gandhi s words: There is no way towards peace; peace is the way. Seen in this light, genuine peace should include reconciliation among those who are in conflict, not their militarization; and of course, grater justice in economic relations among the poor and the rich.

Dorothee s mysticism and spirituality are based on what she calls a preferential option for life as a predilection for life on the face of death. The one way journey is an old image that Dorothee uses to denominate the experiences of the soul on its way to itself. Christian faith stresses the way back into the world and its responsibilities. But it needs a deeper awareness than that reached through action. She wants to express the night she is going through; and she discovers the mystics.

Therefore, she evokes Prophet Elias experience of failure, his escape from Jezebel 1K Exhausted, Elias seeks death under a juniper tree. Strengthened by the angel of God who brings him food, he continues in his journey for forty days and forty nights. He heard a voice calling him from outside the cave where he was sleeping during the night. He ends up seeing God, not in spectacular phenomena like a storm, an earthquake or fire, but in the soft whisper of the breeze. Elias has to leave behind his ideas about God. He discovers an inner God, no longer terrifying and completely exterior.

However, this inner God does not invite him to stay in ecstasy; he sends him out into the world, to continue his prophetic work. It is about making God s cause our cause. It is a passionate impulse. Let s follow the mystics who penetrated the night and came out transformed. It is convenient, as Elias, to go far away, to live grief intensely assuming our failures, and then take back the Origin of life. Such return to the ineffable Origin goes, according to her, through an immersion in the unconscious symbolically evoked in the history of Elias because of his dream in a cave the real matrix.

The Enlightenment people and the current progressive people ignored this regressive movement. They only valued progress. As Elias had to abandon the idea he had about God, we are called to abandon our own convictions, particularly that of an Almighty God, an untenable representation after Auschwitz. She insists that we should also leave behind the idea that we have of the world; not to run away from it, but to inhabit it in a different way as prophets. It is vital that after departing, we should lose all our certainties; we should feel the experience of failure and suffering; we should renounce our little I: Renouncing the world in a kenosis 21 movement, so that we may commit again: Her ideals were a guiding light in the service of Christian thinking, posing the central issue: Spirituality joyfully lived in communion with the latter is the key to credibility of faith that we profess and in whose service we have entrusted our lives.

In the 10 th anniversary of her death, we dedicate these words as an homage and remembrance of the dignified German theologian and pacifist. I will conclude my presentation with her Creed for Secular Times. I believe in Jesus Christ Who as one man he could do nothing We also feel that way. He who fought for everything to change And for that reason he was killed.

This is a criterion to prove 20 Idem. Because we did not live as he lived. We even fear each day That his death was in vain, Because we buried him in our temples And betrayed his revolution, Fearful and submissive before the powerful of the world. Credo para el tiempo secular, en: They form the International Council of the 13 indigenous grandmothers from five continents Schaeffer The Condor and the Eagle: A long time ago, North America and South America were only one land.

But a great earthquake completely split the two continents, and separated their people forcing them to take different ways. The way of the people from South America, so called the Condor People, represents the heart, intuition and mysticism. The people of North America depend on their brains, on their rational mind and on the material worlds. The prophesy stated that at the end of the 15th century both ways would merge together and the eagle would practically eliminate the condor. Five hundred years later, a new era would begin, in which the condor and the Eagle would have the chance of meeting again and flying together.

Mother Earth teaches us how to do this, the forest also teaches us how to do it. The grandmothers know that both people need each other. The Eagle People have developed an extraordinary intelligence that has contributed to the creation of the modern world, but they have done it at the expense of the heart. The condor people, the indigenous people have developed great wisdom that comes from the heart, due to their intimate relationship with nature; but from the material point of view they have been impoverished.

The grandmothers say that both, the condor and the eagle have a lot to teach each other. The whitehead eagle from North America has been nearly in extinction and continues being endangered. The condor has been able to survive. It was always bigger than the eagle, with more powerful sight and having old wisdom and knowledge. Our prayers include the whole world, all the countries. Many of these changes will depend on women. We are multimodels, we can carry a baby son or daughter, we can make food, plant in the fields, and shoo the cat out of the house.

Nations will go ahead unless women s hearts are burried in the earth. The principles of equity and Justice for all are a crucial aspect to transform the world economic system and build on pacific coexistence. All recent political events around the world prove that there will be neither peace nor justice. An important theological element is to assert that the God we believe in, the God that serves, is a God of abundance, not of scarcity. God has created in his divine grace for the needs of all people, and not for the greed of humanity.

It is interesting to analyze how this principle of enough is permeating biblical and theological reflection in our regions. In we celebrated a meeting in Jamaica that had been called by the World communion of Reformed Churches to discuss the theme Power to endure and courage to hope. The mandate that it is impossible to serve God and money is sometimes difficult to apply because it seems that people are only in the service of money, transforming the economy of enough in an economy of survival of the most vulnerable, which benefits only those who transform economic systems for their own benefit.

Edited by Patricia Sheerattan-Bisnauth. Day and John B. Cobb Jr For the Common Good: Economy comes from the word chrematistics. These writers establish a difference between chrematistics and economy or more precisely, oikonomy, that is the term used by Yvette. Daly and Cobb propose the difference between Chrematistics and oikonomy. Chrematistics is the art of accumulating wealth and oikonomy is the art of managing a house or estate.

Thus chrematistics comes from the Greek word that means thing even though it can be used also as money; it is the art of accumulating things. But oikonomy comes from the noun, house; and in Greek it means family, building or estate where the family resides. This term is a derivation of the verbal root that means to distribute. It can be used for the distribution of food.

Jorge Pixley points out that, Daly and Cobb make a distinction between Chrematistics and oikonomy due to three characteristics: This can be summarized by saying that whereas for oikonomy there is such a thing as enough, for chrematistics the more is the best; that is, there are no limits for growth. Any person with a relative degree of education will recognize today that the current economic science is purely chrematistics.

In this document the emphasis is laid on the search for good life, that quality of life which we all long for and which cannot be based on a competitive search for possessions, the accumulation of riches, the making of weapons for our 3 Pixley Jorge, Un llamado desde la Biblia: We affirm the good life as expressed by the Quechua language Sumak Kawsay ; and the concept Waniambi a Tobati Engros from West Papua in the Pacific, moderated by the commission of the Trinity in kind relations of mutuality, shared sisterhood, reciprocity, justice and love.

Mehrere Kriging-Verfahren werden skizzenhaft vorgestellt, die es unter unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen ermoeglichen, an den Stellen des Untersuchungsgebietes, wo keine Messungen vorliegen, Schaetzungen aus dem Variogramm-Modell zu errechnen. Eine Fehlerabschaetzung gibt ueber die.

Final covering of the Ronneburg uranium mining site. The relocation project comprises about million m 3 of sulphide-bearing and AMD-generating waste rock which makes it the most important and most cost-intensive single surface restoration project conducted by WISMUT at the Ronneburg site. The backfilled waste rock has to be covered on an area of about ha to control water infiltration and gas diffusion. Design planning for the final cover placement which began in had to be based on a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis as well on field tests of alternative cover options which are in compliance with legal requirements.

An intensive testing program concerning the vadose zone of soil covers has therefore been started in The paper presents an overview of the monitoring program and the results of the vadose zone measurements. The water of soil covers have to be predicted for extended evaluation periods. Therefore water balance simulations of single layer covers storage and evaporation concept taking current and future soil and climate conditions into account are performed with the HYDRUS 2D code.

Maize for biogas production in Thuringia ; Standpunkt. Maisanbau fuer die Biogaserzeugung in Thueringen. The recycling of the digestate in the farm results due to higher C-reduction stability of the fermentation products to any deterioration of the C balance and soil fertility. Especially in Thuringia farming regions with very low livestock the introduction of biogas plants introduces to a higher diversity of agricultural production and dispersal of crop rotation. Besonders in Thueringer Ackerbauregionen mit sehr geringem Tierbesatz traegt die Einfuehrung von Biogasanlagen zu einer hoeheren Vielfalt der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion und Auflockerung der Fruchtfolgen bei.

Energy crops for biogas plants. Thuringia ; Energiepflanzen fuer Biogasanlagen. In the brochure under consideration the Agency for Renewable Resources Guelzow-Pruezen, Federal Republic of Germany reports on the support of the implementation of different plant cultures in structure of plantations and crop rotation systems of companies under consideration of the Federal State Thuringia. The main chapters of this brochure are: Crops for the production of biogas; implementation in plantations; ensilage and biogas yields; economy of the cultivation of energy plants.

Prediction of the flooding process at the Ronneburg site - results of an integrated approach. In order to prepare the flooding process and to derive and optimize technological measures an integrated modelling approach was chosen which includes several coupled modules. The most important issues to be answered are: Different types of open mine space as well as the dewatered geological pore and joint volume are considered taking into account the contour of the depression cone prior to flooding and the characteristics of the different rock types.

Based on the mine water balance and the flooding technology the model predicts the rise of the water table over time during the flooding process for each mine field separately. In order to predict the mine water quality and the efficiency of in-situ water treatment the box model was linked to a geochemical model PHREEQC.

A three-dimensional flow model is used to evaluate the post-flooding situation at the Ronneburg site. This model is coupled to the box model. The modelling results of various flooding scenarios show that a prediction of the post-flooding geohydraulic situation is possible despite of uncertainties concerning the input parameters which still exist. The post-flooding water table in the central part of the Ronneburg mine will be m. Microalgae on dimension stone of a medieval castle in Thuringia. Phototrophic microorganisms are important primary producers on hard rock substrata as well as on building facades.

These eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria, along with lichens, have also been recognized as important factors for rock weathering and stone decay. The rock substratum itself mostly provides extreme environmental conditions. Composition and diversity of sub-aeric phototrophic microbial communities is up to now poorly understood. Here we present a comparative study addressing the composition of algal biofilms on sandstone substrata based on the analysis of rDNA clone libraries from environmental samples and enrichment cultures.

Accordingly, cyanobacterial communities show clear differences between both wall areas: Just a few species, in particular Stichococcus-related strains, are ubiquitous in both areas. It is obvious that, apart from few generalists, different species colonize the wall areas that are situated in close vicinity, but provide different microclimatic conditions. These differences are discussed in view of biogenic weathering phenomena: Children and adolescents from Thuringia have higher health care needs compared with peers in Germany overall.

The health situation of children and adolescents is described in terms of various indicators of subjective, physical, and mental health. One-fifth of children and adolescents In addition, one-fifth of children and adolescents Rare earth elements REE as natural and applied tracers in the catchment area of Gessental valley, former uranium mining area of Eastern Thuringia , Germany. Between and about The metasedimentary rocks formed under anoxic conditions about a Mio.

The formation of acid mine drainage AMD leads to high concentrations of uranium, rare earth elements REE and other heavy metals in surface water, seepage water and groundwater. This mobilization is due to alteration enhanced by high microbial activity and low pH. In order to follow the processes linking alteration of metasedimentary rocks to biological systems the use of tracers is needed. One group of such tracers occuring in high concentrations in the water phase at the Ronneburg mining site are the REE La-Lu which are featured by very similar chemical behaviour.

They show smooth but continuous variations of their chemical behaviour as a function of atomic number. For seepage water of the waste rock dump Nordhalde - sampled over a period of two years - the shale normalized REE patterns show enrichment of heavy REE and only minor variations, although the concentration differs. At sampling points in the surface water and in groundwater rather similar REE patterns were observed. Thus, REE can be used as tracers to identify diffuse inflow of REE-rich acid mine drainage of the dumps into the creek and the sediments.

The absolute concentrations of REE in the creek and in ground water are up to times. Applicability of geostatistical procedures for the evaluation of hydrogeological parameters of a fractured aquifer in the Ronneburg mine district. Eine Zeit der Stille. Dezember die Ergebnisse seines Agenda-Consultation-Projekts vorgestellt. Das seitige Dokument ist die erste This tutorial deals with how to plan, concept, create, fill with informations and services a homepage for a small library.

Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden. Mein zweiter Punkt ist ein allgemeinerer: Soll hier irgendeine Art von Immanenz bewahrt werden? Ich denke, dass sich in diesen Passagen wichtige Aspekte aufzeigen lassen, insbesondere mit Hinblick auf die Frage, ob Nietzsche irgendeine Art von Vorstellung oder ein Konzept der Immanenz vertritt. Gibt es die Zukunft? Und warum scheint die Zeit sich nur in eine Richtung zu bewegen. Special policing measures in Nazi Germany required centralisation in the public health service which was mainly achieved through the Law for the Unification of Municipal and State Health Administration in The long-term aim for public health officers was now hereditary and racial welfare.

Several following legal regulations contributed to the implementation of a specific national-socialist health and social policy on the basis of racial hygiene and gave immense power to the health officers. Especially with the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Sick Offspring, compulsory sterilisation was legalised and resulted in about , victims up to The central force in this new system was the public health office. The most extreme variation of public health administration was launched in Thuringia , where professional powers and state authority implemented an extensive institutional machinery which managed to reinforce Nazi population policy almost to perfection.

After the invasion of western Poland the Germans built up an inhumane regime in the annexed and occupied regions, persecuted and murdered the Polish population and tried to exterminate the Jewish people. Here the health officers of the Warthegau could promote a rigorously racial dominated population policy of segregation. The mining and processing operations total uranium production more than , tonnes comprise an area of approx.

WISMUT started with a complex site investigation program to determine the degree of contamination of affected areas and an extended environmental monitoring system of the pathways was established. The overall approach follows the general rule of guiding, planning and implementation of the site specific rehabilitation projects to ensure an optimal balance between rehabilitation costs and environmental benefits while complying with the applicable laws and requirements of the permitting agencies. The WISMUT approach to remediation can be viewed as an adaptable process tailored to specific circumstances and site specific situations taking public interests into account.

Remediation solutions will be demonstrated by various site specific examples. The WISMUT decommissioning and rehabilitation project is now in its eleventh year and by middle of the year approximately half of the cleanup has been finished. A well thought out approach to water treatment and timely adjustment to changing conditions will help save water treatment costs.

Consideration of the post rehabilitation use and surveillance requirements are an integral part of the optimisation of the remedial measures. Final report of the preliminary phase. The mining in Eastern Europe, particularly in East-Germany, is a major source of pollution to the surrounding areas of the mines. With the end of the cold war the demand for uranium has drastically declined.

Many of the pits have therefore been closed down or are in the process of closure such as the uranium mine in Ronneburg in Thueringen. One major problem is the safe-making of the pits and dumps as they are highly radioactive through naturally occurring uranium and other radioactive elements.

Because of the leaching process through bacteria, drainage water is very acidic, with pH-values between The water is very rich in magnesium, iron and aluminium sulfate. Here the application of a microbial process to decontaminate acid mine drainage was investigated. Decontamination of the water includes: Sulfate-reducing bacteria seem suitable for this process.

In order for such a microbial process to be economically viable a cheap and widely available electron donar has to be used eg. The work carried out reports on the isolation, characterization and physiology of sulfate-reducing methylotrophic bacteria and their suitability for a decontamination process of sulfuric acid uranium mine water. Prostatitis - eine endlose Geschichte? Umgekehrt sieht jeder Urologe im Jahr zwischen und Patienten mit "Prostatitis".

Deformation analysis of a sinkhole in Thuringia using multi-temporal multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction data. Sinkholes are a serious threat on life, personal property and infrastructure in large parts of Thuringia. Over sinkholes have been documented by the Geological Survey of Thuringia , which are caused by collapsing hollows which formed due to solution processes within the local bedrock material.

However, little is known about surface processes and their dynamics at the flanks of the sinkhole once the sinkhole has shaped. These processes are of high interest as they might lead to dangerous situations at or within the vicinity of the sinkhole. Our objective was the analysis of these deformations over time in 3D by applying terrestrial photogrammetry with a simple DSLR camera.

Within this study, we performed an analysis of deformations within a sinkhole close to Bad Frankenhausen Thuringia using terrestrial photogrammetry and multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction to obtain a 3D point cloud describing the morphology of the sinkhole. This was performed for multiple data collection campaigns over a 6-month period. It allows to apply advanced methods of point cloud difference calculation which considers the co-registration error between two point clouds for assessing the significance of the calculated difference given in meters.

The multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction was performed with Agisoft Photoscan. The areas of change can mainly be detected on the flanks of the sinkhole and on an earth pillar that formed in the center of the sinkhole. Preliminary data on mantle xenoliths from the Feldstein basalt Thuringia , Germany. Feldstein is an isolated outcrop of columnar basaltic rock nearby Themar, located 60 km south-west of Erfurt Thuringia , Germany. The Feldstein alkali basalt ca. The Feldstein alkali basalt contains peridotitic xenoliths, which were the subject of our study.

Two groups of spinel peridotite xenoliths occur in the Feldstein basalt. Group A spinel peridotite 2 xenoliths is characterized by protogranular texture with typical grain size of 2 - 3 mm max 8 mm. It consists of olivine The mg and Al content in clinopyroxene are negatively correlated following the depletion trend after variable degrees of partial melting of the same source.

One of the studied samples contains clinopyroxene that does not plot on the general depletion trend but has significantly higher Al 0. The most magnesian clinopyroxene that is Ca-rich and Al-poor has REE abundances, typical for strongly depleted spinel peridotites. The group B spinel peridotites have protogranular texture mm, max 7 mm grains and some of them contain several melt pockets of basaltic composition. Recent investigations in Thuringia , Central Germany, focus on the potential for carbon sequestration, groundwater supply and geothermal energy.

We report on the results of an integrated fault-slip data analysis to characterize the geometries and kinematics of systematic fractures in contrasting basement and cover rock lithologies. The lithostratigraphy of the area comprises locally exposed crystalline rocks and intermittently overlying Permian volcanic and clastic sedimentary rocks, together referred to as basement. A Late Permian sequence of evaporites, carbonates and shale constitutes the transition to the continuous sedimentary cover of Triassic age.

These characteristic narrow deforming areas 15 km non-deforming areas suggesting localized zones of mechanical weakness, which can be confirmed by the frequent reactivation of single fault strands. Along the major fault zones, the basement and cover contain dominant inclined to sub-vertical NW-SE-striking fractures. These fractures indicate successive normal, dextral strike-slip and reverse senses of slip, evidencing events of NNE-SSW extension and contraction. Nevertheless, fractures and fault-slip indicators are rare in the non-deforming areas, which characterizes Thuringia as a dual domain of 1 large unfractured areas and 2 narrow zones of high potential for technical applications.

Our data therefore provide a basis for estimation of slip and dilation tendency of the contrasting fractures in the basement and cover under the present-day stress field, which must be taken into account for different subsurface technical. Subjects regarding ethical questions in dental medicine are only slightly touched in the study of dental medicine or in the working regulations of the dentists' association.

However, dentists are confronted with these matters in everyday working life. The empirical study at hand collects current data regarding the ethical knowledge about dental medicine in the practical experience of dentists in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The tool used in the survey was a structured questionnaire. Out of randomly chosen and contacted dentists from Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia , replied response rate: The anonymised assessment took place between June and November Dentists frequently encounter ethical questions regarding dental matters.

The dentists interviewed in the study are in favour of a participative relationship between patient and dentist. Simultaneously, the patient's health is predominantly seen as the good of higher value than his or her self-determination. The dentists show competent knowledge of ethical dental subjects, although increased uncertainties could be observed in more complex situations, e.

Questions dealing with dental ethical questions do play a major role in the daily professional life of dentists. In order to further support and strengthen dentists in their individual dental ethical competence, we see a need for advanced training and further education regarding questions and problems in the area of ethics in dental medicine. Also, these topics should become a component in the curriculum of the study of dental medicine. Ausgangspunkt jedes Kapitels ist eine Fallstudie, die eine konkrete praktische Rahmenbedingung eines Unternehmens vorstellt. Entwicklung eines kontinuierlichen Verfahrens zur enzymkatalysierten Synthese eines strukturierten Triglycerides.

In der ersten Reaktionsstufe dieser zweistufigen Umesterung wird in einer Folgereaktion das Substrat Tripalmitin mit Hilfe ein Wo etwas mit den Eigenschaften von Teilchen oder von Wellen beschrieben werden kann, wo es auch Viertelwahrheiten gibt. Quantentheorie ist zugegeben nicht einfach zu verstehen, aber sie ist ein faszinierendes intellektuelles Abenteuer. Dieser Sachcomic begleitet Ihre Entdeckungsreise auch visuell. The following article provides a systematic approach to storage libraries. Starting from an analysis of the terminology, the authors define five types of storage systems and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.

Taking the example of the planning phase of the Hessian storage library, the authors elaborate on factors which decide upon success and failure of a project on this scale. To conclude, they propose how diverging interests of different stakeholders can be evened out and how the acceptance of storage facilities can be raised. In this study, the health care of children and adolescents in Thuringia is analysed.

Results show that Additionally, the findings point out prevention potentials such as the vaccination against HPV. Applicability of geostatistical methods and optimization of data for assessing hydraulic and geological conditions as a basis for remediation measures in the Ronneburg ore mining district. The remediation of the former Wismut mines in Thuringia has been planed and prepared since Objects of remediation are mines, tailing ponds and waste rock piles. Since more than 40 years of mining have had a great affect on the exploited aquifer, special emphasis is given to groundwater recharge so that minery-flooding is one of the conceivable remedial options.

Controlled flooding supports minimising the expanded oxidation zone, which renders an immense pollutant potential, while at the same time the flooding reduces the quantity of acid mine water, that has to be treated. One of the main tasks of modelling the flooding progress is to determine and prognosticate the wateroutlet-places.

Due to the inadequacy of the database from the production period, limited accuracy of the available data and because of the inherent uncertainty of approximations used in numerical modelling, a stochastic approach is prospected. The flooding predictions, i. In order to get a better understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of the Palaeozoic fractured rock aquifer, certain geostatistical interpolation methods are tested to achieve the best approach for describing the hydrogeological parameters in space. This work deals in detail with two selected geostatistical interpolation methods ordinary and indicator kriging and discusses their applicability and limitations including the application of the presented case.

Another important target is the specification of the database and the improvement of consistency with statistical standards. The main emphasis lies on the spatial distribution of the measured hydraulic conductivity coefficient, its estimation at non-measured places and the influence of its spatial variability on modelling results. This topic is followed by the calculation of the estimation.

Theraplay - eine direktive kommunikative Spieltherapie. Verfahren zur genbasierten Diagnose eines Legasthenierisikos. Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Diagnose eines Legasthenierisikos, umfassend die Schritte: Gestaltung und Erforschung eines Mixed Reality Lernsystems. Ueber eine Anomalie von Acromitus flagellatus Stiasny. Bloodstream infections, antibiotic resistance and the practice of blood culture sampling in Germany: Bloodstream infections are a major cause of death worldwide; blood culture BC sampling remains the most important tool for their diagnosis.

Current data suggest that BC rates in German hospitals are considerably lower than recommended; this points to shortfalls in the application of microbiological analyses. Since early and appropriate BC diagnostics are associated with reduced case fatality rates and a shorter duration of antimicrobial therapy, a multicomponent study for the improvement of BC diagnostics was developed.

An electronic BC registry established for the German Federal state of Thuringia is the structural basis of this study. The registry includes individual patient data microbiological results and clinical data and institutional information for all clinically relevant positive BCs at the participating centres. First, classic result quality indicators for bloodstream infections eg, sepsis rates will be studied using Poisson regression models adjusted for institutional characteristics in order to derive relative ranks for feedback to clinical institutions.

Second, a target value will be established for the process indicator BC rate. On the basis of this target value, recommendations will be made for a given combination of institutional characteristics as a reference for future use in quality control. An interventional study aiming at the improvement of BC rates will be conducted thereafter. On the basis of the results of a survey in the participating institutions, a targeted educational intervention will be developed. The success of the educational intervention will be measured by changes in the process indicator and the result indicators over time using a pre-post design.

Findings of AlertsNet will be disseminated through public media releases and publications in peer. Entwurf, Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines mikromechanischen Quecksilbersensors. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuartiger Quecksilbersensor vorgestellt, mit dem die Quecksilberkonzentration in der Umgebungsluft gemessen werden kann. Der Sensor ist in Silizium-Mikromechanik aufgebaut. Grundlagen, Planung und Umsetzung eines integrierten Supply Management.

Beschaffung und Supply Management werden dabei als wesentliches Bindeglied innerhalb des Managementsystems eines. Eine Fankultur im Medienzeitalter. What is a "genuine" psychoanalyst? Warda and Strohmayer from Thuringia were among the first German physicians who developed an interest in Freuds theory and therapeutic method around Their contributions reflect the influence of Otto Binswanger, professor of psychiatry in Jena, a representative of the "psychological direction" in psychiatry which in the beginning was relatively receptive to Freud.

The paper discusses their rapprochement to, and detachment from, the Freudian school, including also the work of a third young physician: Ludwig Binswanger, Otto's nephew, who was active in Jena at the same time. It points to certain factors contributing to the increasing rejection Freud met in academic circles which have been underrated to date: The paper describes how psychoanalysis officially abandoned the scientific standards of contemporary medicine at the Weimar congress in , at the same time as Warda and Strohmayer left the Freudian group. Hin zu Utopia - eine empirische Spekulation.

Im Ergebnis ihrer Suche kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss: Was macht erfolgreiche Bibliothekspolitik aus? Im Ergebnis stellte sich heraus, dass Netzwerke in die Gesellschaft und die Politik von grosser Bedeutung sind. Eine kritische Revision von Theresienstadt. Eine Untersuchung des Publikums der Premiere am 6. Entwicklung von Cysteinproteaseinhibitoren - ein klassischer und ein kombinatorischer Ansatz zur Inhibitoroptimierung. Es handelt sich hierbei um einen klassischen und einen kombinatorischen Ansatz.

Eine neue Tornaria aus der Adria. This study investigates recurring headache, abdominal pain, and back pain in children and adolescents in Thuringia. Alter n — ein vielschichtiger Begriff. Die einzelnen Artikel sind zwischen 8 und 38 Seiten lang und recht schnell und einfach zu lesen.

Untersuchungen zum Potential eines Verbrennungsmotors mit Druckwellenlader. Im Gegensatz zur mechanischen Aufladung verschlechtert sich jedoch mit der Abgasturbolaufladung das Ansprechverhalten. Eine neue Therapieoption bei Morbus Cushing. Wobei die OP-Planung sich hier auf die Ablauforganisation von Operationen und ihre ressourcen- sowie terminbezogene Planung bezieht.

Wilhelm Wundts Publikationen bilden wahrscheinlich das umfangreichste, zweifellos aber das vielseitigste Werk eines Psychologen. Nichts ist schneller als Licht! Einstein ist das Lieblingsgenie vieler Menschen: Von dieser Erwartung ausgehend wandte ich mich an. Acute and chronic pancreatitis are becoming increasingly more severe diseases in the western world with far-reaching consequences for the individual patient as well as the socioeconomic situation.

This article gives an overview of the contribution of radiological imaging to the diagnostics and therapy of both forms of the disease. The diagnostics should be performed with computed tomography CT or magnetic resonance imaging MRI for assessing necrosis or potential infections only in severe forms of pancreatitis. In chronic pancreatitis transabdominal ultrasound should initially be adequate for assessment of the pancreas.

For the differential diagnosis between pancreatic carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis, MRI with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRCP followed by an endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is the method of choice. For the primary diagnosis for acute and chronic pancreatitis ultrasound examination is the modality of first choice followed by radiological CT and MRI with MRCP examinations.

Der Beitrag radiologischer Bildgebung zur Diagnostik und Therapie beider Erkrankungsformen soll im vorliegenden Uebersichtsbeitrag diskutiert werden. Bei der chronischen Pankreatitis genuegt zunaechst eine Beurteilung des Pankreas durch transabdominellen Ultraschall. Entwicklungstrends bei landwirtschaftlichen Applikationen - ein Zwischenfazit. In diesem Kontext nimmt diese Arbeit eine Bestandsaufnahme und Kategorisierung nativer Applikationen mit landwirtschaftlichem Bezug vor.

Corporate Venture Capital im Bankensektor: Energiemessungen bei Aspergillus niger mit Hilfe eines automatischen Mikro-Kompensations-Calorimeters. Beschrieben wurde ein Calorimeter. Sobald die Temperatur des Kulturgefaszes ein wenig ansteigt, wird trockne Luft gepumpt durch ein mit Wasser gefulltes. Eine Stanze positiv - Operieren wir zuviel?

Allerdings ist die Vorhersagbarkeit des Prostatakarzinomes hinsichtlich seines klinischen Verlaufes schwierig. Das histologische Ergebnis nach radikaler Prostatektomie bei Patienten mit nur einer einzigen positiven Stanzbiopsie wurde von uns nachuntersucht. Radiation exposure in the former uranium mining sites in Saxony and Thuringia.

What was accomplished in 20 years of decontamination? Was wurde in 20 Jahren Sanierung erreicht? Referat 54 - Natuerliche Radioaktivitaet. The residuals of uranium mining and uranium ore processing ca results in considerable radiation exposures of the general public. The radiation protection goals will only be reached when the stability of spreading barriers in case of stored radioactive materials will be proven and the resulting radioactive concentration in aquifers and air will be faded out. The still existing radiation protection problems are summarized.

Nagelbefall kann bei Patienten mit Psoriasis auf eine Enthesiopathie hinweisen.

Eine selbstkonsistente Carleman Linearisierung zur Analyse von Oszillatoren. Ein Testchip ist momentan in Produktion. Zusammenarbeit aus Sicht eines outgesourcten Instandhalters. Dauerhafter Unternehmenserfolg ist nur mit einer fortschrittlichen Instandhaltung zu erzielen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung der InfraServ Knapsack von einer internen Instandhaltungsabteilung hin zu einem Industriellen Dienstleister beschrieben und Aspekte der Zusammenarbeit mit externen Kunden aus der Sicht des outgesourcten Instandhalters geschildert.

Only in this way can the highly efficient steroid therapy be initiated and otherwise possibly severe forms of therapy be avoided. Bildgebend und klinisch besteht eine Ueberlappung zum Pankreaskarzinom. Aufgabe der Bildgebung und weiterer Parameter wie Serologie und Histologie ist es deshalb, eine Differenzierung zwischen den beiden Erkrankungsentitaeten zu schaffen, um sie jeweils der adaequaten Therapie zuzufuehren und die geringe, aber letztlich unnoetige Anzahl an Pankreatektomien wegen einer AIP zu verhindern. Die Diagnose der AIP ist komplex, wobei sich in den letzten Jahren die Konsensuskriterien der International Association of Pancreatology als Entscheidungsparameter vielfach durchgesetzt haben.

Diese umfassen 5 Kardinalkriterien und ein therapeutisches Kriterium. Das wesentliche diagnostische Kriterium der Histologie erfordert ausreichend Material, was in der Regel durch eine endoskopische Feinnadelpunktion FNP nicht gewonnen werden kann. Fuer die Identifikation des optimalen Punktionsorts und. Manchmal bin ich selbst erstaunt, wieviel eine so kleine Gruppe bewegen kann — Motor dazu ist das wirklich intensive Interesse und die Freude an der Mitarbeit von etwas Neuem bei jedem einzelnen Mitglied der AGs Vereinbarkeit zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Familienleben: Eine Frage der Gerechtigkeit.

Satzglieder, Kasus und semantische Rollen: Ein kurzer Blick auf das Finnische im Ein anderer Blick auf eine Struktur sozialer Ungleichheit. Rassismus und Anti-Rassismus werden nicht isoliert betrachtet, sondern als eine Dimension sozialer Ungleichheit, die in eine umfassende Theorie sozialer Ungleichheit eingebunden werden muss.

Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik. Auf die Frage, was die Zahl Eins sei, oder was das Zeichen 1 bedeute, wird man meistens die Antwort erhalten: Im Abgleich mit diesen Zielvorstellungen werden Entwicklungspotentiale des Konzepts identifiziert. Seltene Raumforderungen der Leiste in der klinischen Erscheinung inguinaler Hernien: Full Text Available Einleitung: Anamnestisch wurde vor 26 Jahren eine inguinale Varikozelektomie links vorgenommen. Intraoperativ fand sich ein Liposarkom des Samenstranges. Die klinische Erscheinung einer solchen als Leistenhernie ist bisher noch nicht beschrieben worden.

Liposarkome des Samenstranges sind ebenfalls selten. Unserer Meinung nach ist ein botanisches Lexikon einer bestimmten Region, einmal bekannt, nicht nur ein Thesaurus, aber auch Spread and control of blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides according to an increasing occurrence of resistance - Evaluation of field trials in the federal states Brandenburg, Hessen, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia in the years - In recent years, an increasing resistance to blackgrass especially to ALS inhibitors and partially to ACCase inhibitors has been reported for some eastern federal states and Hessen, too.

It was determined to what extent dicotyledonous weeds are associated with blackgrass. The efficacy of different herbicide applications was tested in field trials between and A total of trials have been included in the analysis of blackgrass. Using the HRAC-classification of herbicides tested, combinations of herbicides were used which might contribute to solve problems specifically linked to the detected resistance situation of the site.

The study aimed to identify the right timing of the herbicide applications as well as applications as single or serial treatments and the use of herbicide at reduced doses according to the intensity of blackgrass. In autumn, single applications of soil active herbicides were not effective enough, especially at a high density of more than heads of blackgrass per m2. The mixtures of soil active herbicides with leave active herbicides applied in autumn achieved very good control.

The herbicide sequences were more effective than single applications. In order to counteract further spread of herbicide resistance, the right choice of the mode of action and highly efficacious herbicide treatments are the methods of choice, of course in addition to nonchemical controlling measures such as delayed autumn drilling, ploughing and crop rotation. Die Kommunikation im lokalen Netz erfolgt Game-based Learning im Bildungskontext einer Hochschule. Der Artikel stellt die zentralen Aspekte der Spielentwicklung und Ergebnisse einer ersten Befragung der Studierenden vor.

Ein neues Kapitel in Deutschlands Bildungsforschung. Was macht eigentlich ein gutes Praktikum aus? Wie verhalten sich die Praktikumsanleiter? Und wie gestaltet sich der Transfer zwischen Schule und Betrieb? Ludwig Stecher und Dipl. Integration eines 3D-Skizziertools in den Produktentwicklungsprozess. In der bisherigen klinischen Anwendung fehlen noch die Langzeitergebnisse. Coxarthrosis - an update; Koxarthrose - ein Update.

Die typischen konventionell-radiologischen sowie CT-Befunde sind: Durch die MR-Diagnostik lassen sich weitere Fruehsymptome bzw. Knorpeloedem, -riss, -defekt, subchondrales Knochenmarkoedem, synoviales Oedem und Gelenkerguss sowie Muskelatrophie. Derzeit wird die Bedeutung oft nur geringfuegiger Fehlformen z.

Impingement, Dysplasie , Fehlstellungen, Ligamentlockerungen etc. Dem gesamthaften Gelenkcontainment sowie der Genderproblematik wird heute ebenfalls richtigerweise hoehere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. In der Forschung wird mittels verschiedener MR-Verfahren z. Zweifellos sind auf diesem Gebiet bereits in wenigen Jahren neue tief greifende Erkenntnisse zu erwarten.

Neue Generation, neue Medien und eine neue Bildung? Extract Neue Generation, neue Medien und eine neue Bildung? Fact is that there has been one major change with an. Leitung und Kooperation in wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken Berlins - eine empirische Untersuchung. Die Absicht der Untersuchung lag darin, einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Interaktionsverhalten der Leitungspersonen einerseits und der Mobilisierung von Leistungs- und Innovationspotentialen bei den Mitarbeiterinnen und M Osteoarthritis - one disease or many?

The classical features of osteoarthritis OA include osteophytosis, joint space narrowing, subchondral cyst formation, sclerosis, deformity and low-grade synovitis. OA has been tacitly assumed to be a homogeneous disorder and dismissed as 'degenerative'. This short article will seek to challenge this traditional view and suggest that at least two major processes emerge from detailed radiological studies in patients with OA. One comprises osteophytosis associated with hyaline cartilage thinning and perhaps joint instability. This may represent a normal response to joint instability, and be seen as a healing mechanism.

The other, when subchondral sclerosis and bone attrition predominate, may reflect joint failure. Stillschweigend wurde die Arthrose durch viele Jahre hindurch als eine einheitliche Erkrankung betrachtet und als degenerativ bezeichnet. In dem vorliegenden Manuskript wird diese traditionelle Betrachtungsweise in Frage gestellt.

Detaillierte radiologische Studien am Patienten mit Arthrose zeigen, dass zumindestens 2 unterschiedliche Prozesse ursaechlich vorliegen. Der eine umfasst Osteophytenbildung mit Gelenkknorpelverschmaelerung und Gelenkinstabilitaet. Diese koennten eine normale Reaktion auf Gelenkinstabilitaeten sein und daher moeglicherweise einem Heilungsprozess entsprechen.

Der andere Prozess ist mit subchondraler Sklerose und Knochenabbau verbunden und stellt ein Versagen der Gelenkfunktion dar. Jeder kennt die Namen Einstein, Newton oder Galilei. Full Text Available Traditional componential semantics are faced with various problems in adequately describing the meaning of a word. Therefore, this contribution presents the prototype theory as a fruitful approach for the description and explanation of many phenomena in the field of lexical semantics.

Starting out from a large body of empirical results, it is discussed how prototype theory conceives lexical categories and meaning or concepts respectively. Important properties of a category are fuzzy boundaries as well as that particular elements can be viewed as differently typical for a category. The degree to which an element belongs to a category is defined in terms of typical features, whereby the most central element is called "prototype" and possesses the greatest possible number of typical features. Unlike traditional componential semantics, family resemblance relations determine which elements belong to a particular category, i.

Subsequent to the description of these theorems consequences for argumentation theory, lexicography and the formation of linguistic theories are discussed as well as critical aspects of the prototype theory. After an enumeration of some research desiderata a concluding chapter gives a short summary and names the most impressive achievements of this increasingly influential research paradigm.

Ausgehend von empirischen Befunden wird diskutiert, wie lexikalische Kategorien resp. Bedeutungen oder Begriffe von der Prototypentheorie konzipiert worden sind. Als wesentliche Kategorieneigenschaften spielen hierbei insbesondere unscharfe Kategoriengrenzen eine Rolle. A critical assessment; Kyphoplastie - Vertebroplastie. Painful vertebral compression fractures. Osteoplastic procedures, such as kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty.

Anamnestic and radiological associations of clinical complaints with the radiomorphological findings of vertebral compression fractures are required for an adequate consideration to assess whether an osteoplastic procedure should be carried out. A computed tomography CT scan allows a reliable judgement whether an osteoplastic procedure is technically feasible and promising to improve the local vertebral fracture-associated pain. Prospective controlled trials have demonstrated a satisfactory improvement of back pain associated with vertebral fractures and parameters of quality of life by osteoplastic interventions.

No prospective, truly sham-controlled blind trials are currently available which demonstrate an advantage of osteoplastic interventions compared to standard pain treatment; however, the currently published prospective controlled trials show a satisfactory pain reduction by osteoplastic interventions, such as kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty. Painful vertebral fractures and progressive loss of vertebral height of compression fractures should be evaluated in an interdisciplinary team consisting of radiologists, spinal surgeons and internists to assess whether an osteoplastic procedure is technically feasible and promising to improve local pain and immobility associated with vertebral fractures.

Osteoplastische Verfahren wie die Kyphoplastie und die Vertebroplastie. Anamnestische und bildgebende moeglichst CT Assoziation der klinischen Beschwerden Hauptschmerzbereich mit dem radiologischen Befund eines eingebrochenen Wirbelkoerpers. Das CT gestattet am zuverlaessigsten eine Beurteilung der technischen Durchfuehrbarkeit eines osteoplastischen Verfahrens bei einer Wirbelkoerpersinterungsfraktur. Kontrollierte prospektive Studien belegen die schmerzreduzierende. Pleading for a rational energy policy; Fuer eine aufgeklaerte Energiepolitik.

To the argument that the long half-life values of the most important products of fission represent an unacceptable burden for coming generations, the author retorts that this is an emotion-directed pseudo-argument. Anyone who ventures into deep geological strata, such as the final storage area Konrad, should also count in terms of geological periods. From this point of view, a million years - however difficult to imagine for the average human being - is not a very long time.

Toxic chemical waste is accepted by society, even if the toxicity should remain for all time. The article is an extract from a lecture given by the author to the Franco-German Society for Science and Technology. Wer sich, wie zum Beispiel beim Endlager Konrad, in tiefe geologische Schichten begebe, duerfe auch in geologischen Zeitraeumen rechnen. Und da sei eine Million Jahre, so wenig vorstellbar das auch fuer den Durchschnitts-Menschen sei, eben keine allzulange Zeit. Chemische Giftabfaelle wuerden von der Gesellschaft akzeptiert, obwohl ihre Toxitaet ewig waehre.

Aus diesem Anlass hatte Tillessen vorgeschlagen, ein von einer Stiftung getragenes deutsch-franzoesisches Institut zu gruenden, dessen Aufgabe es sein soll, mit mehr Rationalitaet die von teutonischer Romantik dominierte Technikdiskussion zu versachlichen. In order to assess the likelihood of reactivating any pre-existing fractures during hydraulic reservoir stimulation, slip and dilation tendency analyses Morris et al.

For this purpose, we determined orientations of pre-existing fractures in 14 granite exposures along the southern border fault of an MGCR basement high. Additionally, the strike of Permian magmatic dikes affecting the granite was considered. Effective in-situ stress magnitudes at 4. In this stress field, fractures with the prevailing orientations show a high tendency of becoming reactivated as dextral strike-slip faults if stimulated hydraulically.

To ensure that a stimulation well creates fluid connectivity on a reservoir volume as large as possible rather than dissipating fluids along existing fractures, it should follow a trajectory at the highest possible angle to the orientation of prevailing fractures, i. Henderson , Slip-tendency analysis and fault reactivation, Geology, 24, EIN 2 mediates direct regulation of histone acetylation in the ethylene response. Ethylene gas is essential for developmental processes and stress responses in plants. Although the membrane-bound protein EIN 2 is critical for ethylene signaling, the mechanism by which the ethylene signal is transduced remains largely unknown.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing ChIP-seq and ChIP-reChIP-seq analyses revealed that EIN 2-C associates with histone partially through an interaction with EIN 2 nuclear-associated protein1 ENAP1 , which preferentially binds to the genome regions that are associated with actively expressed genes both with and without ethylene treatments.

Basedow praktisch immer einen geringeren Vaskularisationsgrad. Darauf bedacht, wissenschaftliche Konzepte in Bezug zur Praxis zu stellen, beweist die Autorin viel didaktisches Geschick.

Inspirationen für eine Theologie des Lebens

Ellen Krause presents a broad and accessible introduction to gender studies within the discipline of political science. She hereby intends to fill a gap in the literature on this topic in German-speaking countries. The author illustrates great didactical skill in her aim to relate scientific concepts to practice. Theoretical explanations are supplemented with exercises, impetuses for reflection and practical tips. Faszienschlingenoperationen sind speziellen Rezidivsituationen vorbehalten. Die Entwicklung von Kindern: Ein wellenbasiertes stochastisches Modell zur Vorhersage der Erdbebenlast.

Analyse und Regelung eines nichtlinearen Bremssystems mit elektromechanischen Stellgliedern. Ein elektromechanisches Bremssystem bietet im Vergleich zu einer hydraulischen Bremsanlage prinzipbedingt Vorteile hinsichtlich Komfort, Sicherheit und Umwelt. Es wird gezeigt, dass trotz des langsameren Ansprechverhaltens mindestens die Brem Evaluation eines Trainings in Narrativer Expositionstherapie in Kolumbien. The millennium bug is only one of the many potential hazards in information technology. Systems for uninterrupted power supply offer a solution.

Das JahrProblem ist nur eines unter vielen Gefahrenpotentialen fuer die Informationstechnik. Dabei lassen sich alle Stoerfaktoren, die aus der Energieversorgung resultieren mit einer USV beseitigen. USV sichern Geschaeftsablaeufe und Fertigungsprozesse. Optimierung der Hupkraftverteilung eines airbagintegrierten Automobillenkrades mit Hilfe einer Parameterstudie. When is cartilage repair successful?

Focal cartilage lesions are a cause of long-term disability and morbidity. After cartilage repair, it is crucial to evaluate long-term progression or failure in a reproducible, standardized manner.

This article provides an overview of the different cartilage repair procedures and important characteristics to look for in cartilage repair imaging. Specifics and pitfalls are pointed out alongside general aspects. After successful cartilage repair, a complete, but not hypertrophic filling of the defect is the primary criterion of treatment success. The repair tissue should also be completely integrated to the surrounding native cartilage. After some months, the transplants signal should be isointense compared to native cartilage. Complications like osteophytes, subchondral defects, cysts, adhesion and chronic bone marrow edema or joint effusion are common and have to be observed via follow-up.

Radiological evaluation and interpretation of postoperative changes should always take the repair method into account. Nach erfolgter Sanierung gilt es daher besonders, Erfolg und Misserfolg zu evaluieren und den Verlauf standardisiert und somit reproduzierbar zu beurteilen. Dieser Artikel bietet einen Ueberblick ueber gaengige Reparaturverfahren und deren Charakteristika in der Magnetresonanztomographie. Nach einer erfolgreichen Knorpelreparatur ist eine vollstaendige, aber nicht hypertrophe Fuellung des Knorpeldefekts das primaere Kriterium. Zum umgebenden Nativknorpel ist ausserdem eine durchgehende Integration des Transplantats vordergruendig.

Im weiteren postoperativen Verlauf sollte das Transplantat ausserdem ein im Vergleich zu nativem Knorpel isointenses Signalverhalten zeigen. Haeufig beobachtete Komplikationen sind zentrale Osteophyten, subchondrale Defekte, Zysten, chronifizierte Knochenmarksoedeme, Gelenkserguesse oder Adhaesionen. Die radiologische Beurteilung dieser. Solar heating for a village; Ein Dorf heizt solar. In Buesingen administrative district of Konstanz a solar thermal system with sqm collector area is put into operation.

Together with two wood chip boilers they supply more than private and municipal buildings with regenerative heat. Zusammen mit zwei Hackschnitzelkesseln versorgt sie ueber private und kommunale Gebaeude mit regenerativer Waerme. An dem Modellversuch haben hundert junge Frauen an zehn Standorten in Hessen teilgenommen. Angela Paul-Kohlhoff und Dr. Schreiben hat auch eine Stimme. Jahrtausend vor Christus bis ins Wien und Bern waren die Zentren mit der weltweit besten Expertise.

Die Synthese gelang etwa 10 Jahre danach. How should communal gas supply be organized? Reliable gas supply requires a reliable and economical organisational and procedural structure. These aspects were discussed theoretically and with the aid of examples in a diploma thesis which received a DVGW award. Eine Untersuchung der erstmaligen Anwendung in der Schweiz.

Emotional Branding in der Automobilindustrie: In der Automobilindustrie vollzieht sich aktuell ein Wandel von der Technik- zur Kundenorientierung. Die Konsumenten sollen Produkte und Dienstleistungen nicht nur einfach nutzen, sondern eine emotionale Bindung zu ihnen aufbauen und sie im Idealfall sogar lieben. Full Text Available Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia EIN is a monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation of the endometrium associated with a significantly increased risk of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. We herein present the case of a year-old female patient who underwent a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy because of the existence of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia in an endometrial polyp.

The patient had irregular uterine bleeding, which lasted 10 days. An endometrial polyp was diagnosed by ultrasound examination. The patient underwent fractional dilation and curettage, and the specimens were subjected to a histopathological examination. The histopathological findings were EIN , endometrioid type, a focus of which was found within the endometrial polyps, as well as the endometrial polyp and proliferative endometrium.

The endocervical tissue was normal. Given the age of the patient and the histopathological findings, she underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The final histopathological findings were EIN , endometrioid type with a focus found within the endometrial polyp; endometrial polyp; simple hyperplasia; chronic inflammation of the uterine cervix; hyperkeratosis of the cervical squamous epithelium; and cervicitis chronica. There was also hydrosalpinx of the left fallopian tube, and cystic follicles in the left ovary.

There was no significant morphological change in the right ovary or fallopian tube. The surgical and postoperative course were normal.

The patient was sent home on the fifth postoperative day in good general condition. A check-up performed one month after surgery showed normal findings. Ein neuartiger, mit Nanopartikeln kolloidales Siliziumdioxid angereicherter, lichtpolymerisierbarer Schutzlack G-Coat Plus , ergibt zusammen mit einem stopfbaren Glasionomerzement Fuji IX Entfremdung als Strukturmoment von Unterricht? Odontologie im numismatischen Spiegel:

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