THE FRANKS, From their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin

The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin

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Homo Deus Yuval Noah Harari. Kingdom of Ash Sarah J. In , the Salians came to some form of agreement with the Romans, which allowed them to stay keep settlements south of the delta in Toxandria, between the rivers Scheldt , Maas , and Demer , roughly the area of the current Dutch province of Noord-Brabant , and adjacent parts of the two bordering Belgian provinces of Antwerpen and Belgian Limburg , the so-called " Kempen ".

The later Merovingian kings responsible for the conquest of Gaul are thought to have had Salian ancestry, because they applied so-called Salian law Lex Salica in their Roman-populated territories between the Loire and Silva Carbonaria , although they also clearly had connections with the Rhineland or Ripuarian Franks even before they conquered them.

On the other hand, following the interpretation of Springer the Lex Salica may simply have meant something like "Common Law". Various etymologies are proposed. The ethnonym is unrelated to the name for the dancing priests of Mars, who were also called Salii. In line with theories that the Salians already existed as a tribe outside the Roman empire, the name may have derived from the name of the IJssel river, formerly called Hisloa or Hisla , and in ancient times, Sala , which may be the Salians' original residence.

Apart from some isolated fragments, there is no record of the Salian Frankish language but it is presumed to be ancestral to the modern family of Low Franconian dialects, which are represented today by Dutch and Flemish dialects, and Afrikaans. Before the Merovingian takeover, the Salian tribes apparently constituted a loose confederacy that only occasionally banded together, for example to negotiate with Roman authority.

Each tribe consisted of extended family groups centered on a particularly renowned or noble family. The importance of the family bond was made clear by the Salic Law , which ordained that an individual had no right to protection if not part of a family.

While the Goths or the Vandals had been at least partly converted to Christianity since the mid-4th century, polytheistic beliefs are thought to have flourished among the Salian Franks until the conversion of Clovis to Catholicism shortly before or after , after which paganism diminished gradually. Within the Roman empire, Germanic tribes had lived in the river deltas now in the Netherlands long before the names "Frank" or "Salii" appeared.

The most important are known to history as the Batavi , a name based on the older name of the island they lived on, which is where we first find the Salians living. They were reported by Tacitus to be immigrants from the Chatti. The first mention of Franks in the area was about AD, during the reign of emperor Probus , when Carausius was put in charge of defending the coasts of the Straits of Dover against Saxon and Frankish pirates.

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In the later period when the Salians first appear in the record, the term Frank was not associated with seafaring or coastal tribes. Their origins before they lived in Batavia are uncertain.

Much later, it was only Zosimus , and not Ammianus Marcellinus whose work he possibly partly followed, who claimed that the Salians had once lived under the same name outside the Roman empire, saying that they had been forced away by Saxons , and had come to share control of Batavia with the Romans. Whatever their origins, Zosimus says they were being pushed out of Batavia by a Saxon group known as the "Kouadoi", a Greek spelling of " Quadi " which some authors believe might be a misunderstanding for the Frankish Chamavi , who were mentioned by Ammianus.

According to Zosimus, these Saxons had used boats on the Rhine to get around other Frankish tribes who effectively protected the Roman frontier, and into the Roman river delta. Julian took the opportunity to allow the Salii to settle in Toxandria , south of Batavia, where they had previously been expelled:. The Salians were then brought into Roman units defending the empire from other Frankish raiders. Ammianus Marcellinus on the other hand mentions the Chamavi, normally considered Frankish, as the Germanic tribe who had entered the empire in this area at this time.

Unlike the Salii, these Chamavi were expelled from Roman lands, though they clearly lived close by, where their grain was disappointingly unready for Roman use. In a poem from Claudian celebrates Stilicho 's pacification of the Germani using names of people which may only be poetic: The Sugambri had apparently long ago been defeated and moved by the Romans. From the s onwards, headed by a certain Chlodio , a group of Franks pushed through the boundary of the Roman inhabited Silva Carbonaria and expanded their territory to the Somme in northern France.

Franks then ruled that area which included the Belgian city of Tournai , and the French city of Cambrai. Chlodio is never referred to as Salian, only Frankish, and his origins unclear. He is said by Gregory of Tours II. The most common interpretations of these names are neither in Salian Batavia nor in Toxandria. Franks answered the call and fought in the battle of the Catalaunian Fields in a temporary alliance with Romans and Visigoths , which de facto ended the Hunnic threat to Western Europe. The Notitia dignitatum listing Roman military units in the 5th century mentions the Salii iuniores Gallicani based in Hispania , the Salii seniores based in Gaul.

Salian Franks

There is also record of a numerus Saliorum. While their relationship to Chlodio is uncertain, Childeric I and his son Clovis I , who gained control over Roman Gaul were said to be related, and the legal code they published for the Romance speaking country between the Loire and the Silva Carbonaria , a region the Franks later called Neustria , was called the Salic law.

Clovis became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Galloroman-Germanic population in

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