Die Schutztruppe von Deutsch-Ostafrika im Ersten Weltkrieg: Lettow-Vorbeck und die Askari (German Ed

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They were assisted in the field by an additional , African bearers.

The Allies employed nearly one million people in their fruitless pursuit of Lettow-Vorbeck and his small force. His aim was purely to keep as many British forces diverted to his pursuit for as long as possible and to make the British expend the largest amount of resources in men, shipping and supplies to his pursuit. Although succeeding in diverting in excess of , Indian and South African troops to pursue his forces and garrison German East Africa in his wake, he failed to divert additional Allied manpower from the European Theatre after While some shipping was diverted to the African theatre, it was not enough to inflict significant difficulties on the Allied navies.

In , Hew Strachan estimated that British losses in the East African campaign were 3, killed in action, 6, died of disease and c. By , the conscription of c. In the German colonies, no records of the number of people conscripted or casualties were kept but in Der Weltkrieg , the German official history, Ludwig Boell wrote " Paice wrote of a estimate of , casualties and a death rate of 1-in-7 people. Carriers were rarely paid and food and cattle were requisitioned from civilians; a famine caused by the subsequent food shortage and poor rains in led to another , civilian deaths in German East Africa.

The conscription of farm labour in British East Africa and the failure of the — rains, led to famine and in September the flu pandemic reached sub-Saharan Africa. In British East Africa ,—, people died, in South Africa there were ,—, deaths and in German East Africa 10—20 percent of the population died of famine and disease; in sub-Saharan Africa, 1,,—2,, people died in the flu epidemic. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Theatres of World War I. A map of the proposed Mittelafrika with German territory in brown, British in pink. A map of the German colonial empire ; German East Africa is in dark blue. Battle of Zanzibar and Battle of Rufiji Delta. Battle for Lake Tanganyika. Tabora Offensive and Mahenge Offensive. Schutztruppe askaris who were captured in southern German East Africa in late , wait for their rations at a prisoner-of-war camp.

Lettow surrendering his forces at Abercorn, as seen by an African artist.

Selected Bibliography

African porters in British service suffered high casualties from disease. Memorial to the German soldiers killed during the campaign in Iringa , Tanzania.

Numbers of Ruga-Ruga in German service also tended fluctuate greatly due to the fact that they fought, left or deserted when they saw fit. Books Anderson, Ross The East Africa Campaign, — Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopaedia of Casualty and other Figures, — 4th ed. History of the Great War based on Official Documents. Retrieved 18 January The Great War in Africa, — Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika.

Military Operations East Africa: August — September The Oxford Companion to Military History. Histoire Transcript Firm in German. Battle for the Bundu: Schlaglichter der Kolonialgeschichte in German. Retrieved 23 November The First World War: The First World War in Africa. The Northern Rhodesia Journal. Retrieved 7 March Retrieved 29 November The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in , called Pan-Germanism, to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarcks pragmatic Realpolitik.

He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany, the war resulted in the Confederation being partially replaced by a North German Confederation in , comprising the 22 states north of the Main. The new constitution and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January , during the Siege of Paris on 18 January , William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.

East Africa

The second German Constitution was adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, the political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag, which was elected by universal male suffrage, however, the original constituencies drawn in were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas. Its area was , km2, nearly three times the area of present-day Germany, the colony was organized when the German military was called upon to put down a revolt against the activities of a colonial company during the late s.

Like other powers, the Germans expanded their empire in the Africa Great Lakes region on the basis of fighting slavery, unlike other imperial powers, however, they never actually formally abolished it, preferring instead to curtail the production of new recruits and regulate the extant slaving business. The colony began with Carl Peters, an adventurer who founded the Society for German Colonization, on 3 March , the German government announced it had granted an imperial charter to Peters company and intended to establish a protectorate in the Africa Great Lakes region.

Peters then recruited specialists, who began exploring south to the Rufiji River and north to Witu, the British and Germans agreed to divide the mainland between themselves, and the Sultan had no option but to agree. Between and , the Hehe tribe, led by Chief Mkwawa and they were defeated because rival tribes supported the Germans. After years of warfare, Mkwawa himself was cornered and committed suicide in It became a model of efficiency and commanded extraordinary loyalty among the natives during the First World War.

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German colonial administrators relied heavily on native chiefs to keep order, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, was a successful general in German East Africa during World War I. Commerce and growth started in earnest under German direction, early on it was realized that economic development would depend on reliable transportation.

Over , acres were under sisal cultivation — the biggest cash crop, two million coffee trees were planted and rubber trees grew on , acres, along with large cotton plantations. To bring these agricultural products to market, beginning in , the longest line, the Central Railroad covered miles from Dar es Salaam to Morogoro, Tabora and Kigoma.

The final link to the shore of Lake Tanganyika had been completed in July and was cause for a huge and festive celebration in the capital with an agricultural fair. Harbor facilities were built or improved with electrical cranes, with rail access, wharves were remodeled at Tanga, Bagamoyo and Lindi. In Dar es Salaam and Tanga received freighters and passenger steamers and over 1, coastal ships and local trading vessels.

More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia.

Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until In , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in , after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives.

By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of , the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II.

From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation.

In Canada, Macleans magazine in October wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in , with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in , Prussia became part of the new German nation. Erster Weltkrieg in Ostafrika — The campaign all but ended in November , when the Germans entered Portuguese East Africa and continued the campaign living off Portuguese supplies.

His strategy achieved only mixed results after , when he was out of German East Africa and Allied forces became composed almost entirely of South African, Indian. The Germans fought for the whole of World War I, receiving word of the armistice on 14 November at 7,30 a. The territory itself spanned , square miles and covered the areas of modern-day Rwanda, Burundi, the colonys indigenous population numbered seven and a half million and was governed by just 5, Europeans.

Although the colonial regime was relatively secure, the colony had recently been shaken by the Maji Maji Rebellion of —05 whose effects were still being felt by Mittelafrika effectively involved the annexation of territory, mostly occupied by the Belgian Congo, the territory would dominate central Africa and would make Germany as by far the most powerful colonial power on the African continent. Nevertheless, the German colonial military in Africa was weak, poorly equipped, although better trained and more experienced than their opponents, many of the German soldiers were reliant on weapons like the Model rifle which used obsolete black powder.

Even the largest concentration of German troops in the continent in East Africa, was unable to fight an aggressive war. By threatening the important British Uganda Railway, von Lettow hoped to force British troops to invade East Africa, in , the German government had formed a defence strategy for East Africa in which the military would withdraw from the coast into the hinterland and fight a guerrilla campaign.

For the Belgians, the German presence in East Africa was a threat to the security of Congo, the Colonial Minister, Jules Renkin, favoured a policy of trading territory gained in East Africa with the Portuguese, to expand the western Congo coast in a post-war settlement. A successful campaign in Africa was also seen as a way for the De Broqueville government to avenge the German invasion of Belgium, in East Africa, the Congo Act was first broken by the British.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

On 15 August, German Askari forces stationed in the Neu Moshi region engaged in their first offensive of the campaign, taveta on the British side of Kilimanjaro fell to Askari of two field companies with the British firing a token volley and retiring in good order. In September, the Germans began to stage raids deeper into British East Africa, German naval power on Lake Victoria was limited to Hedwig von Wissmann and Kingani a tugboat armed with one pom-pom gun, causing minor damage but a great deal of news.

In an effort to solve the raiding nuisance and to capture the northern, white settler region of the German colony. Erster Weltkrieg in Ostafrika. Expenditure on science and technology to develop weapons and systems sometimes produces side benefits, although some claim that greater benefits could come from targeting the money directly 2. The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag, which was elected by universal male suffrage, however, the original constituencies drawn in were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas 3. In Dar es Salaam and Tanga received freighters and passenger steamers and over 1, coastal ships and local trading vessels 4.

Soldiers of the Argentine Army in formation. CF Hornet drops a laser-guided bomb. The German Empire German: Otto von Bismarck , the visionary statesman who unified Germany with the help of his skillful political moves and the exploitation of encountered opportunities. Left, on the podium in black: German East Africa German: Askari soldiers under German command, Fort Bagamoyo , c. WW1 Memorial in Iringa , Tanzania. The Portuguese were flanked by the Germans, while encamped at Ngomano on 25 November Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in Early in the war, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.

Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika

The East African Force Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle of Lake Tanganyika. The Life and Legend of a Colossal Fraud. African Studies Centre, The Great War in West Africa. De Askari, soms erkend, veelal miskend. Fighting Their Own War: New History of Southern Africa Series.

The Naval Campaign of East Africa. Naval Historical Society of Australia Naval Historical Society of Australia, Military Labor in the East African Campaign, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies, no. Hodges, Geoffrey, and Roy Griffin. Nairobi University Press, Military Operations East Africa Hordern, Charles, and H. Military Operations East Africa, Volume 1. On Call in Africa in War and Peace The Case of Tanganyika Ohio University Press, University Press of Florida, Famine in Central Tanzania, Os fantasmas de Rovuma: Oficina do livro, Studies in Military and Strategic History.

Military Operations, Togoland and the Cameroons, Nyobe, Isidore Pascal Ndjock. Nyasaland and the East African Campaign, Eigene und fremde Welten

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