Contents:
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Tips on citation download. Google Scholar , Crossref. Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries Oslo: Gender, Party and Politics Aldershot: Polygon at Edinburgh , — American Political Science Association. New Politics and Comparative Perspectives Basingstoke: University of Wales Press.
Women and Politics London: Post-modernist critique that all ideologies have failed. Evidence of society increasingly managerialist and declining in civic participation Putnam. UK evidence of declining party divisions, rise of populist style politicians focusing on delivery and declining political engagement. Referendums Wider use of referendums since the ratification of the Lisbon treaty without a referendum. Wider use due to the participation crisis Power Report — turnout too low.
Under the representative model — doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty ensures that no further authority need to be sought from the citizenry before bringing such measures onto the statute books. Referendums therefore seen as unnecessary. Case for — removes the growing gulf between government and people through invigorating grass-roots democracy.
Bottomore highlights views of Rousseau and J. Mill in calling for improvements in civic virtue and education citizens to participate — the more people are encouraged to vote on issues that affect them. Element of this in rep. E-petitions still elitist with panel considering them on their merits — conflict between rep.
Referendums serve to articulate the growing particularisation of politics, evidence for public desire to be consulted — good turnouts e. Do voters understand issues? Cynical use of referendums — promise of them under Labour used to appease public opinion, mask internal party divisions and delay decision making.
Rule of Law Rule of law provides a powerful barrier against arbitrary rule and an effective check on excessive government power. However, there is evidence to support idea that courts are checking power of the government — Labour in forced to amend its anti-terror legislation after the HOL ruled that it was incompatible with HRA indefinite detention of foreign terror suspects without trial. Sovereignty should be inalienable but it is alienated in UK due to parliamentary sovereignty and representation.
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Trustee — Lenin and vanguard party representing proletarian interests. Danger of trustee pursuing selfish interests. Delegate — use of recall votes — Illsley. Criticisms that MPs lack leadership and Parliament rejects national interests in favour of sectional interests. Does exist to a degree. Representation in practice — Elections elections every five years, possible recall votes, problems with concept of mandate proportionality vs. Are all MPs accountable?
Uproar recently on fuel duty petition. When debate came it was not whipped by the parties. The Sun was very critical of lack of regard and arrogance of the MPs — merely window dressing? Tony Blair was strong leader, and Brown tried to bully people into submission.
Influence of sectional interests on policy formulation — all parties have been seen to accept dollar from dodgy people. Party funding and corruption scandals — no longer allowed overseas donations though. Calls for disallowance of large party donations — Labour in support of this as Conservatives get their dollar mostly in bulk whereas Labour receive large amount from TU membership donations and thus is only small amounts at a time.
Do modern parties offer ideological choice? Battle for centre ground of British politics. Pressure groups — alternative vehicles for representation of the multiplicity of interests Madison — over 17, significant pressure groups in UK — benefits of polyarchy see impact of environmental movement and achievements of Live8. Mill — in favour of range of different viewpoints being expressed — need wide multiplicity or representative democracy fails.
Public sector strikes — using PGs as a forum when they feel under represented. Lack of internal group democracy and over influence of some section groups e. For and against existence of parties and pressure groups Pluralist theory — power fragmented and dispersed and power based on bargaining and negotiating decisions. Madison and multiplicity of interests. Dahl and rule of polyarchies — New Haven study.
Emphasis on level playing field and open access to decision making process. Classic model of pluralist theory — e. Government sits in the middle — clear example of pluralism. Neo-pluralism — growth in concern that power not so evenly distributed. Later writings of Dahl suggests that major capitalist organisation hold sway over decision making process but essentially group politics still necessary for democracy.
Core insider groups contradicts classical pluralist theory.
Pergamon , 83 — The student resources previously accessed via GarlandScience. A patriotic attitude is one where everyone in the state, not excepting its head, regards the commonwealth as a maternal womb, or the land as the paternal ground from which he himself sprang and which he must leave to his descendants as a treasured pledge. Request an e-inspection copy. Fiona Mackay Corresponding Author:
Olson argues groups are selfish in their aims and can distort democracy through bias, capture and exclusion and gridlock — building a neo-marxist critique of PGs. Practicality — parties provide the basis for representative politics and choice at election time. Pressure groups seek to represent and articulate the diverse nature of modern society. A fundamental plank of liberal democracy is the existence of PGs and PPs.
Case against — rise of independents — discontent with whipping nature and lack of freedom of speech in parties. Discontent expressed through declining turnout. Rousseau would find this impossible. Probably works in rural England but not urban areas.
Case for — articulation of sectional interests — freedom to assemble with like minded individuals — key principle of liberal democracy. Fiona Mackay Corresponding Author: First Page Full Text. Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign in here using your membership username and password. Subscribe to this journal. Vol 6, Issue 1, Women on Corporate Boards Intersectional institutions. Tips on citation download.
Google Scholar , Crossref. Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries Oslo: Gender, Party and Politics Aldershot: Polygon at Edinburgh , — American Political Science Association. New Politics and Comparative Perspectives Basingstoke: