Towards better Performing Transport Networks (Routledge Studies in Business Organizations and Networ

---

Environmental Impact of Underground Freight Transport 1. Peering and Investments in Interfaced Networks 1. Environmental Vehicle Rating System Part 2: Regulation and Policies to Stimulate Better Performance 2.

Routledge Studies in Business Organizations and Networks

The Adaptive Stated Preference Approach 3. How do firms work?

What networks are involved in driving organizations forward? This series presents titles which look at the dynamics of organizations and the particular effects of different types of business networks. It covers topics such as:. It considers both the economic, cultural and environmental factors that govern the success and failure of business networks and organizations. Learn More about VitalSource Bookshelf.

An eBook version of this title already exists in your shopping cart. If you would like to replace it with a different purchasing option please remove the current eBook option from your cart. They are mobile transport assets and fall into one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel; land road, rail and pipelines , water shipping , and air. Transport modes are designed to either carry passengers or freight , but most modes can carry a combination of both. For instance, an automobile has a capacity to carry some freight while a passenger plane has a bellyhold that is used for luggage and cargo.

Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. However, physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain. While historically road transportation was developed to support non-motorized forms of transportation walking, domestication of animals and cycling at the end of the 19th century , it is motorization that has shaped the most its development since the beginning of the 20th century.

Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm.

Yet, with containerization, road transportation has become a crucial link in freight distribution. Railways are composed of a traced path on which wheeled vehicles are bound.

Maritime transportation

In light of more recent technological developments, rail transportation also include monorails and maglev. They have an average level of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime modes.

Rail is by far the land transportation mode offering the highest capacity with a 23, tons fully loaded coal unit train being the heaviest load ever carried. Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. The longest gas pipeline links Alberta to Sarnia Canada , which is 2, km in length. The longest oil pipeline is the Transiberian, extending over 9, km from the Russian arctic oilfields in eastern Siberia to Western Europe. Physical constraints are low and include the landscape and pergelisol in arctic or subarctic environments.

Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids from gas, low viscosity, to oil, high viscosity. Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbors.

Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels.

CRC Press Online - Series: Routledge Studies in Business Organizations and Networks

However, due to the location of economic activities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. The construction of channels, locks and dredging are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by reducing discontinuity. Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve.

High inventory costs also characterize maritime transportation. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites. Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transport constraints are multidimensional and include the site a commercial plane needs about 3, meters of runway for landing and take off , the climate, fog and aerial currents.

Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long distance mobility of people. More recently, air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics. Concerns a variety of modes used in combination so that the respective advantages of each mode are better exploited. Although intermodal transportation applies for passenger movements, such as the usage of the different, but interconnected modes of a public transit system, it is over freight transportation that the most significant impacts have been observed.

Containerization has been a powerful vector of intermodal integration, enabling maritime and land transportation modes to more effectively interconnect. Cover a grey area in terms of if they can be considered as a transport mode since unlike true transportation, telecommunications often do not have a physicality.

Yet, they are structured as networks with a practically unlimited capacity and very low constraints, which may include the physiography and oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables. Wave transmissions, because of their limited coverage, often require substations, such as for cellular phone networks. Satellites are often using a geostationary orbit which is getting crowded. High network costs and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks, which are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors stock markets, business to business information networks, etc.

Telecommunications can provide a substitution for personal movements in some economic sectors. However, contemporary demand is influenced by integrated transportation systems that require maximum flexibility in the respective use of each mode. As a result, modal competition exists at various degrees and takes several dimensions. Modes can compete or complement one another in terms of cost, speed, accessibility, frequency, safety, comfort, etc.

There are three main conditions that insure that some modes are complementing one another:. Thus, there is modal competition when there is an overlap in geography, transport and level of service. While maritime transport might offer the lowest variable costs, over short distances and for small bundles of goods, road transport tends to be most competitive. A critical factor is the terminal cost structure for each mode, where the costs and delays of loading and unloading the unit impose fixed costs that are incurred independent of the distance traveled.

About the Series

With increasing income levels, the propensity for people to travel rises. At the same time, international trade in manufactured goods and parts has increased. These trends in travel demand act differently upon the modes. Those that offer the faster and more reliable services gain over modes that might offer a lower cost, but slower, alternative. For passenger services, rail has difficulty in meeting the competition of road transport over short distances and aircraft for longer trips. For freight , rail and shipping have suffered from competition from road and air modes for high value shipments.

Transport Studies Unit, University of Oxford

While shipping, pipelines and rail still perform well for bulkier shipments, intense competition over the last decades have seen road and air modes capture an important market share of the high revenue-generating goods. Road transport clearly dominates. Although intermodal transportation has opened many opportunities for a complementarity between modes, there is intense competition as companies are now competing over many modes in the transport chain.

A growing paradigm thus involves supply chain competition with the modal competition component occurring over three dimensions:. It is generally advocated that a form of modal equality or modal neutrality should be part of public policy where each mode would compete based upon its inherent characteristics.

Since different transport modes are under different jurisdiction and funding mechanisms, modal equality is conceptually impossible as some modes will always be more advantageous than others. Modal competition is influenced by public policy. This particularly takes place over government funding of infrastructure and regulation issues. Roads are usually provided by the public sector, while many other transport infrastructures are financed by the operators using them.

This is the case for rail, air and maritime transportation.

• Introduction to Organic Electronic and Optoelectronic Materials and Devices (Optical Science and Eng
• Counsel Of The Wicked
• The Many Sides of William Dean Hamilton
• Taxing Ourselves: A Citizens Guide to the Debate over Taxes
• Paedophil (German Edition)
• Wednesdays Seagulls
• TOW WEAPON SYSTEM, FM 3-22.34, FM 23-34