Contents:
The Sushruta Samhita an Ayurvedic text contains chapters and description of illnesses, medicinal plants, a detailed study on Anatomy, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. Cataract surgery was known to the physician Sushruta 6th century BCE. The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges. During the 1st millennium BCE, the Vaisheshika school of atomism was founded. The most important proponent of this school was Kanada , an Indian philosopher who lived around BCE.
They considered atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. By the beginning of the Common Era glass was being used for ornaments and casing in the region. Archaeological evidence suggests that manufacturing process for Wootz was also in existence in South India before the Christian era. Evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India 2nd century CE. The origins of the spinning wheel are unclear but India is one of the probable places of its origin.
There is evidence that in his work on the enumeration of syllabic combinations, Pingala stumbled upon both the Pascal triangle and Binomial coefficients , although he did not have knowledge of the Binomial theorem itself. Negative numbers and the subtrahend had been used in East Asia since the 2nd century BCE, and Indian mathematicians were aware of negative numbers by the 7th century CE, [74] and their role in mathematical problems of debt was understood.
A decimal number system using hieroglyphics dates back to BC in Egypt, [78] and was later in use in ancient India where the modern numeration system was developed. He described a wheel that he claimed would run forever.
The trigonometric functions of sine and versine , from which it was trivial to derive the cosine, were used by the mathematician, Aryabhata , in the late 5th century. Indigo was used as a dye in India, which was also a major center for its production and processing. Samarangana Sutradhara , a Sanskrit treatise by Bhoja 11th century , includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances automata , including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.
Madhava of Sangamagrama c. Their rational approximation of the error for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. In , Nilakantha Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics , in his Tantrasangraha , revised Aryabhata's elliptical model for the planets Mercury and Venus.
His equation of the centre for these planets remained the most accurate until the time of Johannes Kepler in the 17th century. Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were transmitted to India through the Mongol invasions of India. In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder , James Riddick Partington describes the gunpowder warfare of 16th and 17th century Mughal India, and writes that "Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bamboo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic By the 16th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore , Dacca , Bijapur and Murshidabad.
The construction of water works and aspects of water technology in India is described in Arabic and Persian works. The scholar Sadiq Isfahani of Jaunpur compiled an atlas of the parts of the world which he held to be 'suitable for human life'. The armies of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore employed Mysorean rockets whose gunpowder was packed in metal cylinders instead of paper ones.
Jagadish Chandra Bose laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. Physicist Satyendra Nath Bose is known for his work on the Bose—Einstein statistics during the s. Hyder Ali , prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction.
The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone. This article contains supporting information online at www.
We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Skip to main content. Significance Urban density significantly impacts urban energy use and the quality of life of urban residents.
Abstract Although the scale of impending urbanization is well-acknowledged, we have a limited understanding of how urban forms will change and what their impact will be on building energy use. View inline View popup. Scenarios used in the top-down and bottom-up analyses in the study. Discussion Our analysis suggests that the potential for cities to alter urban densities varies significantly across the world.
Conclusion Urban density, along with other determinants of urban form, strongly shapes local environmental conditions such as air quality, walkability, and access to green space, all of which have a bearing on the well-being of urban residents. The authors declare no conflict of interest. IPCC, Geneva , pp — Accessed September 7, Lucon O , et al. Urban Policy Res 26 1: Exploring the impacts of urban form on public health. J Plan Lit 16 2: A systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults.
J Reg Sci 52 4: Urban Stud 44 4: Schweitzer L , Zhou J Neighborhood air quality, respiratory health, and vulnerable populations in compact and sprawled regions. J Am Plann Assoc 76 3: Seto KC , et al. Types, causes, and policy implications.
Annu Rev Environ Resour 41 1: Environ Sci Technol 47 Alonso W Location and Land Use: J Econ Lit 36 3: Rickwood P Residential operational energy use. Urban Policy Res 27 2: Technology integration, system optimization, challenges and opportunities for applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev Prog Plann 76 1: On Sustainable Urbanism Hermann , Paris. Cheng V Understanding density and high density. Zhang J , et al. A comparative case study on the relationship between density, urban block typology and sky exposure.
Steemers K Energy and the city: Density, buildings and transport. Energy Build 35 1: Neuman M The compact city fallacy. J Plan Educ Res 25 1: Hui SCM Low energy building design in high density urban cities. Renew Energy 24 Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Ann Behav Med 25 2: An environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health 93 9: J Reg Sci 50 1: Ciccone A Urban production externalities. Laitner JA Linking energy efficiency to economic productivity: Recommendations for improving the robustness of the U.
Wiley Interdisc Rev Energy Environ 4 3: A cost-benefit analysis of a randomised community trial. J Epidemiol Community Health 63 4: Integrating energy transitions, regional inequalities and poverty trends in the European Union. European Urban and Regional Studies doi: Liddell C , Morris C Fuel poverty and human health: A review of recent evidence. Energy Policy 38 6: Renew Sustainable Energy Rev 15 1: Energy Policy 29 2: Fisk WJ Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with building energy efficiency.
Annu Rev Energy Environ 25 1: PLoS One 6 8: Clarke L , et al. Edmonds J , Reilly J A long-term global energy-economic model of carbon dioxide release from fossil fuel use. Energy Econ 5 2: Accessed March 31, Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. You are going to email the following Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through Scenarios of urban density and energy use by Tweet Widget Facebook Like Mendeley.
Why grit requires perseverance and passion to positively predict performance. Synchronization of energy consumption by human societies throughout the Holocene. Sustainability Science Synchronization of energy consumption by human societies throughout the Holocene.
The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance. High nitrous oxide fluxes from rice indicate the need to manage water for both long- and short-term climate impacts. Physical Sciences Collimated ultrabright gamma rays from electron wiggling along a petawatt laser-irradiated wire in the QED regime. Self-organization into ferroelectric and antiferroelectric crystals via the interplay between particle shape and dipolar interaction. Crimping-induced structural gradients explain the lasting strength of poly l -lactide bioresorbable vascular scaffolds during hydrolysis.
No related articles found. Scopus PubMed Google Scholar. Sustainability in an urbanizing planet. Scopus 21 Google Scholar. You May Also be Interested in. Raw data videos offer a glimpse into laboratory research.
Deep subseafloor microbial life. Victoria Orphan and Elizabeth Trembath-Reichert discuss microbial life in the deep subseafloor. Early monumental burial sites. Would you like to report poor quality or formatting in this book?
Click here Would you like to report this content as inappropriate? Click here Do you believe that this item violates a copyright? Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. View or edit your browsing history. Get to Know Us. Not Enabled Word Wise: Not Enabled Enhanced Typesetting: Not Enabled Average Customer Review: Be the first to review this item Would you like to tell us about a lower price?
European Cities Proceedings. Save as PDF version of scientific and technological achievements related to the development of european cities proceedings. Scientific And Technological Achievements Related To The Development Of European Cities. Proceedings tamilnadu scientific research organisation annual .
Would you like to report this content as inappropriate? Do you believe that this item violates a copyright? Delivery and Returns see our delivery rates and policies thinking of returning an item?