Hybrid

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These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'hybrid. See more words from the same year. Translation of hybrid for Spanish Speakers.

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Translation of hybrid for Arabic Speakers. Encyclopedia article about hybrid. What made you want to look up hybrid? Please tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! The participle made famous by Elvis. You might've seen this one before. The story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary. How we chose 'feminism'. How to use a word that literally drives some people nuts.

The awkward case of 'his or her'. Test your vocabulary with our question quiz! Build a chain of words by adding one letter at a time. Other words from hybrid Noun hybrid adjective. Noun cross , crossbred , crossbreed , intercross , mongrel Synonyms: Adjective cold-blooded or coldblood , cross , crossbred , mixed , mongrel Antonyms: Adjective blooded , full-blood , full-blooded , purebred , thoroughbred Visit the Thesaurus for More. Examples of hybrid in a Sentence Noun a hybrid of two roses The band plays a hybrid of jazz and rock.

Recent Examples on the Web: First Known Use of hybrid Noun , in the meaning defined at sense 1 Adjective circa , in the meaning defined at sense 1.

The hub motors eliminates the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, drive shafts and U joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes are used in industrial vehicles. Energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. In January industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars.

In an existing production minvan was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment.

Hybrid vehicle

The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Another form of hybrid vehicle are human power-electric vehicles.

These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5 , Twike , electric bicycles , and electric skateboards. In a parallel hybrid vehicle an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged.

While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. The first mass production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation Honda Insight. In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple planetary gear set. The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the batteries. On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist.

This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions. A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient.

There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The Fisker Karma was the first series-hybrid production vehicle. When describing cars, the battery of a series-hybrid is usually charged by being plugged in - but a series-hybrid may also allow for a battery to only act as a buffer and for regeneration purposes , and for the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by a supporting engine.

Series arrangements have been common in diesel-electric locomotives and ships. Ferdinand Porsche effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a wheel hub motor design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor.

This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric transmission , as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. In Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. Using supercapacitors they claim up to mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement. Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PHEV.

The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric parallel or serial hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a lithium-ion battery , which allows the vehicle to drive on all-electric mode a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout series or parallel.

It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine. This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding — or at least minimizing — the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in CO 2 terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.

Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists. A National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined hybrid electric vehicle accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving internal combustion engine vehicles ICEV.

The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. But there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight. Several automakers developed electric vehicle warning sounds designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of electric drive vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and all-electric vehicles EVs travelling at low speeds.

Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in all-electric mode. The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles ICEVs , resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:. Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include:.

These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high speed highway use these features are much less useful in reducing emissions.

Hybrid vehicle emissions today are getting close to or even lower than the recommended level set by the EPA Environmental Protection Agency. The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5. The three most popular hybrid vehicles, Honda Civic , Honda Insight and Toyota Prius , set the standards even higher by producing 4. More fossil fuel is needed to build hybrid vehicles than conventional cars but reduced emissions when running the vehicle more than outweigh this.

Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today most hybrid car batteries are one of two types: There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others. Lithium ion is the least toxic of the two mentioned above.

The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type currently used in hybrids—are much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium according to one source. The lithium-ion battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in hybrid electric vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development. In addition to its smaller size and lighter weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver performance that helps to protect the environment with features such as improved charge efficiency without memory effect. The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel—metal hydride battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well.

The batteries also produce higher output boosting vehicle power , higher efficiency avoiding wasteful use of electricity , and provides excellent durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to the life of the vehicle. There is two different levels of charging. Level two is a faster method; existing Level 2 equipment offers charging from V or V at up to 80 A, It may require dedicated equipment and a connection installation for home or public units, although vehicles such as the Tesla have the power electronics on board and need only the outlet.

Three important factors—distance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge [77] In order for the hybrid to run on electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to generate some electricity. The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0. There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars. Nearly all the rare earth elements in the world come from China, [82] and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia are currently under development; [83] however, the barriers to entry are high [84] and require years to go online.

Hybrids-Electric vehicles HEVs combine the advantage of gasoline engines and electric motors. The key areas for efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual power sources, and less idling. Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy sources than fossil fuel. Another option is to use alternative fuel composition i. Other approaches include personal rapid transit , a public transportation concept that offers automated on-demand non-stop transportation, on a network of specially built guideways.

With combined effort from many car companies, the Hybrid industry has sold millions of Hybrids. Fuel continues to represent a small part of the overall cost of owning and operating a personal vehicle". Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely inaccurate. Hybrid car companies have a long time to go if they expect to really go green.

According to Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt states "managing products" and "meeting customers' needs", "you must adapt to consumer expectations and anticipation of future desires. This "Green Myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness. Researchers and analysts say people are drawn to the new technology, as well as the convenience of fewer fill ups. Secondly, people find it rewarding to own the better, newer, flashier, and so called greener car. In the beginning of the Hybrid movement car companies reached out to the young people, by using top celebrities, astronauts, and popular TV shows to market Hybrids.

This made the new technology of Hybrids a status to obtain for many people and a must to be cool or even the practical choice for the time. With the many benefits and status of owning a Hybrid it is easy to think it's the right thing to do, but in fact may not be as green as it appears. While the adoption rate for hybrids in the US is small today 2. However, forecasts vary widely.

More optimistic views as of include predictions that hybrids would dominate new car sales in the US and elsewhere over the next 10 to 20 years. The target is an average for each manufacturer's new car fleet; it allows OEMs to build some vehicles that emit less than the average and some that emit more. The Commission is required to propose a further emissions reduction target by end to take effect in This target will be in line with the EU's long-term climate goals.

Supercredits for low-emission vehicles: Each of these vehicles will be counted as two vehicles in , 1.

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These supercredits will help manufacturers further reduce the average emissions of their new car fleet. However, to prevent the scheme from undermining the environmental integrity of the legislation, there will be a 2. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other types of hybrid transportation, see Hybrid vehicle disambiguation.

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Coal , wood or other solid combustibles Compressed or liquefied natural gas Petrol gasoline or Diesel fuel Human powered e. Hybrid vehicle drivetrains and Micro HEV. Electric vehicle warning sounds.

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Archived from the original on The Sydney Morning Herald. Around The World on Brakes". Archived from the original PDF on But Daniel thinks "Energy debate heats up: The Street Railway Journal. English Mechanic and World of Science

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